句式結構的轉換

從教多年，我經常見到學生們由于句式結構理解上的模糊導致在考試中不必要的失分。掌握基本的句式結構，了解不同結構之間轉換的規律就顯得尤為必要。

英語的基本句子結構主要是五種。即1.主、系、表；2.主、謂；3.主、謂、賓；4.主、謂、賓、賓；5.主、謂、賓、賓補等。試看下列例句：

1.主語+系動詞+表語

①Alice seems interested in English.

②Tom is good at playing basketball.

③The soup tastes good.

2.主語+謂語

①Mr. Zhou， an English teacher， works hard.

②His brother gets up very early every morning.

③The old man died last week.

3.主語+謂語+賓語

①We live a happy life.

②Bob likes playing basketball.

③Mary has a large collection of stamps.

4.主語+謂語+間接賓語+直接賓語

①Mr Green often tells us many interesting stories.

②My mother bought me a new coat this morning.

③Our English teacher gave us much advice on how to learn English.

5.主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補足語

①We call the boy a little angel.

②The news made all the students happy.

③He found the house broken into last week.

在以上五種句式結構中，主語、賓語、表語、同位語包括賓語補足語等成分都出現了用名詞充當的現象。其中主語、賓語、表語、同位語均可用從句來充當，這四大從句可以統稱為名詞性從句。

試看下列例句（括號內是整句句式結構類型）

1.主語從句

①What he said was right. (主、系、表)

(主語從句)

②That he will come makes us happy. (主、謂、賓、賓補)

(主語從句)

③It is clear that he will buy the car. (主、系、表)

(形式主語) (主語從句)

2.賓語從句

①We all know that the earth is round. (主、謂、賓)

（賓語從句）

②I think (that) we should buy the computer. (主、謂、賓)

（賓語從句）

③The students hope that they will have a school bus soon. (主、謂、賓)

（賓語從句）

3.表語從句

①The news is that he himself will attend the meeting.(主、系、表)

（表語從句）

②The problem is which bike I should take.(主、系、表)

（表語從句）

③This village is where I was born. (主、系、表)

（表語從句）

4.同位語從句

①The news that he will visit America makes us excited. （主、謂、賓 、賓補） （同位語從句）

②The fact that he is a good teacher is obvious. (主、系、表) （同位語從句）

③She has no idea how she should solve the problem. (主、謂、賓) （同位語從句）

根據以上內容，我們可以看出，從句充當的成分是可以轉變的。試看下面的句式變化的關系。設x是一個完整的句子，擁有五大基本句型中的任意結構（例如：The earth is round），則可得：

1.We all know that x.

把劃線部分看成整體，將上句轉成被動語態，則得

2.That x is known to us all.

由于 that x 充當主語成分，可能是很長的成分，為了達成句子平衡，可使用形式主語it， 即：

3.It is known to us all that x.

同樣地，我們也可以用從句充當表語和同位語而形成表語從句和同位語從句，即：

4.The fact is that x . (表語從句)

5.We all know the fact that x. （同位語從句）

另外，我們在定語從句中，還可能使用整個句子表示一個事實，此時非限制性定語從句沒有明確的先行詞，而是修飾前面的整個句子，即：

6.x， as we all know.

在上句中，as 引導的從句也可以調整到句首，即：

7.As we all know， x.

將上兩句的定語從句部分變成被動語態則可得：

8.x， as is known to us all.

9.As is known to us all， x.

另外，在常見的名詞性從句中，what是一個活躍的成分，結合以上各句，我們可以得到：

10.What we all know is that x.

11.What is known to us all is that x.

綜上所述，從句間的類型是可以轉換的。

我們比較其中的3、9、11三句，它們代表著三個不同的句子類型，但很容易混淆，應引起考生的注意。為了起到鞏固的作用，試完成下列選擇題：

1. _______ we all know， Guilin is a beautiful city.

A. WhatB. ThatC. AsD. Which

2. _______ is reported in China Daily， a famous newspaper， Ding Junhui has won the game.

A. ItB. WhatC. AsD. That

3. _______ is believed by many people is that the grass can be used to cure cancer.

A. It B. WhatC. AsD. That

4. _______ is suggested by Bai Yansong， a famous journalist， that the Chinese government should pay more attention to environmental protection.

A. ThatB. WhatC. ItD. As

5. I can’t believe the news ________ he has won the game.

A. whichB. whatC. thatD. as

6. The news ________ he will come back makes us happy.

A. whichB. whatC. thatD. as

7. ________ is often the case， some students can’t write articles well though they have a large vocabulary.

A. ThatB. WhatC. ItD. As

8. No one knew ________ the professor said meant.

A. that whatB. it what

C. what thatD. what what

(參考答案：1. C 2. C 3. B 4. C 5. C 6. C 7. D 8. D)

從句的轉換一直是高考的重、難點，也是我們看懂完形填空、閱讀理解及任務型閱讀中的復雜結構所必備的技巧，所以應引起考生的重視。以上淺述，僅為管窺之見，淺陋難免，敬請指正。

（作者單位：江蘇省泰興中學）