一、定語從句的基本概念
概念:在復合句中修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句,也叫形容詞性從句,有時也可修飾一個句子。被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞。定語從句一般置于先行詞之后,由關系代詞或關系副詞引導。
二、關系詞的用法
A.關系代詞引導的定語從句:
1.關系代詞只能用 that 的情況:當先行詞指物時,許多情況下,用 that , which 都可以,但先行詞是下列情況之一時只用 that 不能用 which:
a.先行詞是不定代詞 all, little , few , much ,anything , something ,nothing, everything ,none等時;
b.先行詞被 all, few , much , little , any ,every ,no ,some ,both 等修飾時;
c. 先行詞被序數詞,形容詞的最高級及 the only ,the very ,the last 修飾時;
d. 先行詞是既含有人又含有物的名詞詞組時;
e. 先行詞在從句中作表語時;
. 在 there + be 的句型中句子的主語是先行詞,而且又是物時.
2.先行詞指人時,許多情況下既可以用 that, 也可用 who,但在下列情況下,宜用 that 不用 who 。
a. 當先行詞既是人又是物;
b. 當句子出現一個who等;
c. 關系代詞在定語從句中作表語時。
①He talked a lot about the things and persons that he had remembered there .
②Who is the man that spoke to you just now ?
3.當先行詞指人時,一般既可以用that,也可用 who,但在下列情況下,宜用 who 不用 that。
a.當先行詞為one, ones, anyone, those時;
b.當先行詞為人稱代詞時。
①He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.
②Those who have any difficulty with pronunciation should practise more.
4.用which 不用that:
a.介詞前置時關系代詞只能用which(先行詞為物);
b.引導非限制性定語從句修飾某物或整個句子時只能用which.
①The machine, which I have looked after for many years ,is still working perfectly.
②She failed the exam , which made her parents very angry.
whose引導的定語從句。
定語從句中某一成分的定語與先行詞的所有格相同,指人指物均可用 whose , whose 作定語,指物時,還可用 “ the + 名詞 + of which ”形式,
B.關系副詞引導的定語從句:
When,where ,why引導定語從句分別在句中作時間狀語,地點狀語,原因狀語,一般可以理解為 when=in/on/at+which,
where=in/on+which,
why=for+which.
when引導的定語從句:當先行詞是表時間的名詞如time , day , morning , night , week , year 等時,同時又在從句中作狀語時,定語從句由 when 引導。
2. where 引導定語從句,where在從句中作地點狀語.當先行詞是表地點的名詞如 place ,spot, street ,house ,town ,country ,hotel等時,同時又在從句中作狀語時,定語從句由 where 引導
why 引導定語從句,在從句中作原因狀語.當先行詞是reason 時,并且從句需要狀語時,由 why 引導定語從句。
例:①Do you know the reason why there are heat losses in a steam engine?
②The reason why (for which )you failed,I think, was that you had turned a deaf ear to your mother’s advice.
[注意]:當先行詞是表時間、地點、原因的名詞時,一定要注意分析句子的結構,如缺少主語或賓語時,關系詞應用 which 或that, 缺少時間狀語,地點狀語或原因狀語時,分別用 when ,where,why。
三、 “介詞 + 關系代詞”引導的定語從句
1.“介詞 + 關系代詞”引導的定語從句結構中,關系代詞若表示人,只用 whom , 若表示物,只用 which.
2.當介詞放在關系代詞前面時,介詞賓語只用 which , whom, 當介詞放在關系代詞末尾時,可用 that , which (指物),用that , whom ,who(指人)作介詞的賓語。
3. “復合介詞短語 + 關系代詞which” 引導的定語從句,常與先行詞用逗號分開,定語從句常用倒裝語序。
例:He lived in a big house , in front of which stood a big tree.
4.“介詞 + 關系代詞”引導的定語從句結構中, 介詞既可是單個介詞,也可是短語介詞,介詞的選擇可遵循以下四種原則:
a.根據定語從句中的謂語動詞確定介詞,其動詞與介詞是固定搭配,構成動詞短語。
例:The man with whom you shook hands just now is our English teacher.(shake hands with sb)
b.根據定語從句中的形容詞確定介詞,其形容詞與介詞是固定搭配,構成形容詞短語。
例:The teacher with whom the students in our class are popular is Mr Wang, our English teacher.(be popular with)
c. 根據定語從句所修飾的先行詞確定介詞,其先行詞往往是表時間、地點、原因、方式的名詞,它們與介詞之間有一定的聯系。
d.根據句子的意思確定介詞。
例:①This is the pilot for whom I bought a camera.(意思是:I bought a camera for the pilot.)
②This is the pilot with whom my brother has worked for ten years. (意思是:My brother has worked with the pilot for ten years.)
注意:在一些固定搭配的動詞短語中,由于動詞和介詞不可分割,因此,不能把介詞移到關系代詞前。
例:The boys he is looking after are very healthy.
四、 特殊的定語從句
1.名(代)詞 + 介詞 + 關系代詞(在從句中一般作主語)結構,常用于此結構的代詞有 one , both , all , some , any , most ,several ,few , a few , little , a little , many , much , none , half , either ,neither , each 等。
2.數量詞或形容詞最高級+ 介詞 + 關系代詞結構。
例:① They have four children, the youngest of whom is a boy.
②.The company now has more than 100 employees, half/30/40 percent of whom are women.
五、定語從句中的謂語動詞與先行詞保持一致的問題
1.one of + 復數名詞 + 關系代詞 +復數動詞;
2.the (only) one of + 復數名詞 + 關系代詞 +單數動詞;
3.當關系代詞 as 或 which引導非限制性定語從句,修飾主句內容時,若as 或 which 作主語,從句謂語動詞用單數;
4.其他情況。
例:① I,who am your teacher , will try my best to help you.
② Titanic is one of the most wonderful movies that have been produced in Hollywood.
六、 定語從句解析技巧
1.首先,要正確判斷是否是定語從句;
2.其次,在確定是定語從句后,就要找準先行詞,看它是指人,還是指物,是表時間還是表地點;
3.再次,弄清先行詞在定語從句中作什么成分;
4.最后,在根據關系詞各自的意義和用法的特點確定恰當的關系詞。