摘 要:定語(yǔ)從句對(duì)于中學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō),既是要點(diǎn),也是難點(diǎn)。掌握和應(yīng)用定語(yǔ)從句要從概念入手,把握其基本構(gòu)成,理清關(guān)系詞和先行詞之間的關(guān)系,理解關(guān)系詞所承擔(dān)的語(yǔ)法作用尤為重要。
關(guān)鍵詞:定語(yǔ)從句;構(gòu)成;關(guān)系詞
英語(yǔ)中,起定語(yǔ)作用的基本詞類是形容詞,用來(lái)修飾名詞、代詞,但是形容詞并非是起定語(yǔ)作用的唯一形式,有可能是短語(yǔ),甚至是句子。我們把英語(yǔ)復(fù)合句中修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句稱之為定語(yǔ)從句,也叫形容詞性從句。
一、掌握定語(yǔ)從句的基本構(gòu)成
比較以下三個(gè)短語(yǔ):
(1)a nice girl (一個(gè)漂亮的女孩)
(2)a nice girl in red (一個(gè)穿紅衣服的漂亮女孩)
(3)a nice girl in red who is standing under the tree(一個(gè)站在樹底下的穿紅衣服的漂亮女孩)
以上三個(gè)短語(yǔ)中心詞都是名詞“girl”,例(1)是單個(gè)形容詞“nice”做定語(yǔ),修飾名詞“girl”,一般放在被修飾詞之前。例(2)是在例(1)的基礎(chǔ)上,添加了后置介詞短語(yǔ)“in red”,同樣起修飾名詞“girl”的作用。例(3)在例(2)的基礎(chǔ)上,添加了一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)完整的句子“who is standing under the tree”來(lái)修飾名詞“girl”。從中可知,無(wú)論是單個(gè)的詞還是短語(yǔ)或句子,它們的功能是相同的,都是用以修飾中心名詞的,使中心名詞的含義更加豐富多彩,只不過(guò)短語(yǔ)和句子作定語(yǔ)時(shí)一般要放在被修飾詞之后。我們把起定語(yǔ)作用的句子(who is standing under the tree)就稱為定語(yǔ)從句(因?yàn)槠鹦稳菰~的作用,因此也叫做形容詞性從句),被修飾的詞叫做先行詞。
例:The book which /that my father bought for me is on the desk.(爸爸給我買的書在桌子上)
上句中畫線部分雖然是一個(gè)主謂完整的句子,但在整個(gè)句子中起到形容詞的作用,做定語(yǔ),修飾限定中心名詞“the book”。我們可以將例句分解成以下兩個(gè)分句:(1)The book is on the desk. (2)My father bought the book for me .不難看出,分句(2)中的the book 在分句中做賓語(yǔ),用關(guān)系詞“which”或 “that”代替后置于句首引導(dǎo)分句,修飾限定分句(1)中的名詞“the book”。
又如:The book which / that is about Lu Xun is on the desk.(關(guān)系詞在從句中做主語(yǔ))
The book whose cover is red is on the desk.(關(guān)系詞在從句中做定語(yǔ))
總結(jié)以上分析,可以得出以下結(jié)論:
1.定語(yǔ)從句由關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)(關(guān)系詞必須置于從句之首)。
2.關(guān)系詞和先行詞之間存在內(nèi)部聯(lián)系(或復(fù)指代替,或修飾限定)。
3.關(guān)系詞在從句中承擔(dān)句子成分(關(guān)系詞作從句主語(yǔ)時(shí),其數(shù)量和先行詞保持一致,格取決于在從句充當(dāng)?shù)某煞郑?/p>
二、理解關(guān)系詞的語(yǔ)法作用
根據(jù)關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中所承擔(dān)的語(yǔ)法作用,又分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。
1.關(guān)系代詞:who,whom,whose,which,that,在從句中起主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等作用,先行詞為“事或物”時(shí)用關(guān)系詞“which,whose”引導(dǎo),先行詞為“人”時(shí),用關(guān)系詞“who,whom,whose”引導(dǎo),“that”既可以指人也可以指事物。
例:The girl who / that is talking with Li Ming is my sister.(關(guān)系詞在從句中做主語(yǔ))
The girl whom / that / who I talked with her is my sister.(關(guān)系詞在從句中做賓語(yǔ))
The girl whose skirt is red is my sister. (關(guān)系詞在從句中做定語(yǔ) )
注意:關(guān)系代詞whose表示所屬關(guān)系,在從句中作定語(yǔ)。一般置于名詞前,既可指人,也可指物。指物時(shí)可以用of which或用with介詞短語(yǔ)代替。
例:This is the house whose windows were broken.=This is the house with broken windows.
在正式文件中常用of which:
This is the house the windows of which were broken.=This is the house of which the windows were broken.
2.關(guān)系副詞:when,where,why在從句中作狀語(yǔ)。
when用在時(shí)間名詞后,如day,season等:
1979 was the year when my son was born.
=1979 was the year in which my son was born.
=1979 was the year which my son was born in.
where用在地點(diǎn)名詞后,如home,place,town等:
This is the place where I grew up.
=This is the place in which I grew up.
=This is the place which I grew up in.
why用在reason后:
That’s the reason why he dislikes me.
=That’s the reason for which he dislikes me.
注意:當(dāng)先行詞為時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因名詞時(shí),只有關(guān)系詞在從句中作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)才用when,where和why。
3.關(guān)系代詞“as”常用在such...as,the same...as,as...as 結(jié)構(gòu)中。
例:This is not such a book as I expected.
I borrowed the same book as you bought yesterday.
注意:“the same...as” 表示同類,“the same...that”表示同一個(gè):
This is the same tool as I used last time.
This is the same tool that I used last time.
(作者單位 甘肅省隴南市禮縣職業(yè)中等專業(yè)學(xué)校)