摘 要: 本文主要論述了短語運用對提高初中生寫作水平的重要作用,重點闡述了培養學生靈活運用短語的重要策略和方法。
關鍵詞: 短語運用 書面表達 初中寫作教學
對于農村初中生來說,書面表達是他們英語學習中的一大難題。其難點在于:詞匯表達難,連詞成句難,篇章融合難,語法無錯難,寫出精彩文章難。下面我僅從短語運用為學生寫作奠定基礎的角度談些教學體驗,以供讀者參考并加以指正。
一、短語運用是書面表達的重要基礎
詞匯是語言的三大要素之一,是語言賴以生存的支柱。英國應用語言學家威爾金斯(D.wilkins,1976)說:“沒有語法,人們不能表達很多東西;而沒有詞匯,人們則不能表達任何東西。”而語塊是事先預制好的相對穩定的詞的組合,它包含了某個詞的特定的結構(grammatical pattern)。英語自然語言中存在大量的這種兼有句和詞匯特征的固定或半固定的語言結構。
短語運用對書面表達有幾個方面的作用:一是使文章表達生動形象,感染力增強;二是使語言精練到位,言簡意賅。盡可能恰當地使用短語是寫好書面表達的有效方法之一。對學生來說,在英語學習中多積累短語,擴大短語“內存”量,形成語感,厚積薄發,等到要用時就可信手拈來,有話可說,有文可寫。
以下是以“Lower Carbon,Happier life”為題的兩篇初三學生的習作,我們進行一個對比。
文章一:It’s our duty to save the environment.How spend the World Environment Day become a very popular topic?Use the car less is the best way to protect the environment.I will ride a bike to school.I will also use energy-saving lamps at home and spend less time a shower.And it is important to send my used books to the lower grades students.There are we can do really many things.Lower carbon,happier life.Let’s take actions.
文章二:It’s our duty to save the environment,so I and my parents have made a plan to protect the environment.
To begin with,my parents and I decide to ride bikes to school and work.Then,we will use the lights which need less energy and will also spend less time taking a shower.It’s one of the best ways to save water.In addition,as for students,we can give books that we have used to lower grades.Last but not the least,we are supposed to turn off the lights when we leave classroom or home.I believe that the mouR3oDlglMRDwo2A3Xd8YzDB0EbZ7DQTG/0SsNM9P5Eg=re you do for environment,the happier you are.Lower carbon,happier life. Let’s take actions.
通過對比,我們不難發現文章二中運用了12個已學過的短語,可謂語言流暢,精練到位,且句句閃亮。相反文章一中雖然用到了個把短語,但是短語運用不準確,造成文章不夠連貫,表達平平。因此,一旦短語運用恰當,我們就可以發現這些短語在文中起到了準確表達、生動描述、增強力度的作用。
二、巧記短語的策略
1.聯想歸類策略
歸類就是找出短語之間的聯系,造成更多的聯想條件,它有利于短語的記憶和鞏固。利用聯想,對同類詞組歸類,同義詞組反義詞組對比。同類詞組歸納有很多方法,如運用頭腦風暴(brainstorming)形式,例如,當我講授Go for it!初一教材中第七單元中周末活動時,就要求學生聯想與此有關的詞組,學生就會聯想到play basketball;play chess;read books;watch TV;go swimming;surf the Internet;do some cleaning;go shopping;visit the museum;climb mountains;go to a movie等。
引導學生對這些短語進行聯想,可使學生熟悉這些短語的用法,進一步加深理解和記憶。
2.固定搭配記憶策略
短語指具有一定習語性質的詞組,即由一個以上單詞組成的“固定詞組”,比如get up;help with;get along with;be famous for;go to bed;wait for。而搭配詞,指那些一起出現頻率很高的詞語,最典型的是動詞—名詞、形容詞—名詞搭配,比如make friends;have breakfast;read books;play basketball;a beautiful girl;a world-famous pianist;a great book。還有一部分可以稱之為慣用話語,指形式固定或半固定語用功能的動詞組合。它們也可以是完整的句子,如it is easy to do;there is no doubt that;it is said/believed that。也可以是句子的開頭,如 Generally speaking;personally speaking;in a word;above all;all in all.
3.關聯短語記憶策略
在書面表達中,關聯短語的使用會使文章更加順暢,起承轉接更加自然。因此,我認為關聯短語的記憶是寫好書面表達的一項重要內容。常用的關聯短語有以下幾類:
表順序:at first,first of all,to begin with,at last,in the end等。
表原因:because of,for the reason等。
表結果:as a result,lead to,so...that等。
表解釋:in other words,for example,to be honest,to tell the truth等。
表對比:as...as,not so...as,more than,less than,no more than,rather than等。
表遞進:what’s more,what’s worse,in addition等。
表結論:as a result,in a world,in short,at last,in the end,to sum up等。
表目的:so that,in order to,in order that等。
表并列:both...and,not only...but also,...as well,for one thing...for another thing等。
表個人觀點:in my opinion,personally speaking,I think/believe...
三、綜合運用寫活文章
以下是一篇書面表達的考題,其內容如下:最近你們班的學生和老師展開一場關于學生能否騎自行車上學的討論,請你就此內容寫一篇文章,要求內容全面,字數不少于100字
Can students go to school by bike?
Recently we have had a discussion with our teachers about whether students can go to school by bike.?搖?搖?搖 ?搖。
根據要點提示,很明顯這是一篇觀點性的半開放式的作文,要求學生把老師的觀點表達清楚,并加上學生自己的觀點。審題準確之后,學生可以考慮運用那些自己在平時學習中積累的短語或固定搭配.
運用短語和固定搭配,學生就能更加靈活地寫好文章,遇到寫作就不會再膽怯了。以下是我的一名學生在此指導下寫的一篇文章,充分達到了巧用短語、寫活文章的目的。
Can students go to school by bike?
Recently we have had a discussion with our teachers about whether students can go to school by bike.
Our teachers are against it strongly.At first,they think students may easy to fall down and get hurt if they are not careful enough.What’s worse,it may even cause some traffic accidents.Another problem is that there is no place to park bikes at school.
Personally speaking,I hope we’re allowed to ride bikes to school.For one thing,it’s a good way to help us keep in good health.For another thing,parents will get relaxed if they don’t need to take their kids to school.In addition,riding bikes is a great idea to protect our environment.We’re supposed to have a low-carbon life.
四、結語
教師要讓學生認識到短語在書面表達中的威力之大,含金量之高。要讓學生對短語多記,則積少成多;多用,則熟能生巧。待到能“巧”用短語那日,便是書面表達“活色生香”之時。
參考文獻:
[1]湯利平.培養記憶策略 提高詞匯教學效率[J].中學生英語(高中)教師版,2010,9.
[2]胡春洞,王才仁.外語教育語言學[M].廣西教育出版社,1996,5.
[3]羅巧云.熟記短語,寫“亮”作文[J].中學生英語(高中)教師版,2010,10.