999精品在线视频,手机成人午夜在线视频,久久不卡国产精品无码,中日无码在线观看,成人av手机在线观看,日韩精品亚洲一区中文字幕,亚洲av无码人妻,四虎国产在线观看 ?

女性董事對(duì)企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)績(jī)效影響的實(shí)證研究基于2000~2009年中國(guó)證券市場(chǎng)A股上市公司樣本

2014-06-28 07:19:32周澤將修宗峰

周澤將++修宗峰

摘 要:以2000~2009年中國(guó)證券市場(chǎng)A股上市公司為研究樣本,實(shí)證檢驗(yàn)了女性董事對(duì)于經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)績(jī)的影響。在控制了女性董事與經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)績(jī)之間的內(nèi)生性關(guān)系后,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)總體上女性董事顯著降低了企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)績(jī)。當(dāng)進(jìn)一步將女性董事區(qū)分為女性非獨(dú)立董事和女性獨(dú)立董事后,經(jīng)驗(yàn)證據(jù)顯示,女性非獨(dú)立董事?lián)p害了經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)績(jī),而女性獨(dú)立董事有助于經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)績(jī)的提升。無(wú)論在國(guó)有企業(yè)還是民營(yíng)企業(yè),這一結(jié)論均成立。

關(guān)鍵詞: 女性董事;經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)績(jī);內(nèi)生性;上市公司

中圖分類號(hào):F270.3 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼: A 文章編號(hào):1003-7217(2014)02-0091-07

一、引言

女性董事在全世界范圍內(nèi)廣泛存在[1]。而在中國(guó),女性在國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)中發(fā)揮著越來(lái)越為重要的作用。據(jù)《中國(guó)企業(yè)家》雜志發(fā)布的上市公司女性高管2010年度報(bào)告摘要顯示,擁有女性董事的上市公司所占比例已達(dá)到59.65%[2]。作為上市公司高管人員的重要組成部分,女性董事將會(huì)對(duì)企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)績(jī)等產(chǎn)生何種影響值得關(guān)注。而截至目前,女性董事對(duì)于經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)績(jī)的影響研究尚無(wú)一致的結(jié)論,支持正面影響的經(jīng)驗(yàn)證據(jù)[3-5]、負(fù)面影響的經(jīng)驗(yàn)證據(jù)[6-7]兼而有之。造成上述結(jié)果的重要原因可能在于模型中存在的內(nèi)生性問(wèn)題[7,8]。中國(guó)的新興資本市場(chǎng)和女性傳統(tǒng)文化異于西方國(guó)家,在這一背景下女性董事如何影響經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)績(jī)值得進(jìn)行深入研究。

盡管部分研究已注意到區(qū)分不同類型和不同職位的女性高管顯得很有必要[9],但是涉及女性董事的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)大多沒(méi)有詳細(xì)區(qū)分女性董事類型[7,8],抑或即使進(jìn)行了區(qū)分[10],但是較少深入比較不同類型女性董事之間的差異。此外,國(guó)內(nèi)學(xué)者大多從董事會(huì)的構(gòu)成特征、獨(dú)立性、規(guī)模等角度對(duì)董事會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)與經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)績(jī)之間的關(guān)系展開(kāi)研究,而專門(mén)研究女性董事與經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)績(jī)之間關(guān)系的文獻(xiàn)較為少見(jiàn)。

二、理論分析與假設(shè)發(fā)展

關(guān)于女性董事與經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)績(jī)之間的關(guān)系,存在兩種截然相反的觀點(diǎn)。一種觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為,女性董事會(huì)通過(guò)更高的會(huì)議出席率和專門(mén)委員會(huì)成員任命增強(qiáng)決策參與程度,從而使得公司治理體系更加完善[6],而公司治理的完善有助于企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)績(jī)的改善[11]。此外,女性董事是企業(yè)的重要資源[12],多元化的董事會(huì)(女性董事)會(huì)帶入新的觀點(diǎn)和信息并進(jìn)而提高董事會(huì)討論的質(zhì)量[10],女性董事更了解消費(fèi)者的行為、需求及滿足這些需求的機(jī)會(huì)[13]。依據(jù)資源依賴?yán)碚揫14],女性董事的上述特征無(wú)疑會(huì)對(duì)企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)績(jī)提升產(chǎn)生積極影響。另一種觀點(diǎn)則認(rèn)為女性董事會(huì)降低團(tuán)體凝聚力。由于社會(huì)隔閡的存在,女性董事影響團(tuán)體決策的可能性降低[15],甚至可能會(huì)由于性別多樣性增加內(nèi)部分歧,限制董事會(huì)的執(zhí)行力而降低了董事會(huì)的有效性[10],最終損害經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)績(jī)。

具體到中國(guó)的現(xiàn)實(shí)情況,我們預(yù)期女性董事會(huì)對(duì)企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)績(jī)產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響。(1)相對(duì)于男性傾向于選擇支持自己一貫行為的信息而言,女性更善于處理綜合性的信息,某種程度上直接導(dǎo)致了女性更加厭惡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[16]。較多的經(jīng)驗(yàn)證據(jù)揭示并支持了上述觀點(diǎn),如女性在財(cái)務(wù)決策中更少地投資于風(fēng)險(xiǎn)資產(chǎn)[17],任命女性CEO后財(cái)務(wù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)顯著降低[18],女性董事在金融危機(jī)期間會(huì)通過(guò)減少長(zhǎng)期借款和投資水平來(lái)規(guī)避風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[19],女性CEO降低了股價(jià)崩盤(pán)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[20]。依據(jù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和報(bào)酬權(quán)衡原則,女性董事厭惡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的特性將會(huì)使得公司面臨的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低,相應(yīng)地,公司獲得的回報(bào)因此將相對(duì)較低。(2)中國(guó)的傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)往往認(rèn)為“女子無(wú)才便是德”、“賢妻良母”是模范女性的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),更多地將女性定位于家庭而非社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)事務(wù),因此,女性董事人數(shù)和比例長(zhǎng)期持續(xù)偏低。經(jīng)統(tǒng)計(jì),2000~2009年,董事會(huì)中女性董事平均人數(shù)和比例僅為1.06人和10.36%,如此少的女性董事難以對(duì)董事會(huì)的決策產(chǎn)生重要影響。相反,更多可能是出于“裝點(diǎn)門(mén)面”需要而產(chǎn)生的女性董事,將會(huì)由于人口差異而降低團(tuán)體凝聚力[15],可能帶來(lái)更多的意見(jiàn)分歧[10],內(nèi)部分歧的增大降低了董事會(huì)的運(yùn)行效率,損害了經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)績(jī)。(3)Ahern和Dittmar(2012)發(fā)現(xiàn)女性董事年輕、缺乏經(jīng)驗(yàn)是導(dǎo)致女性董事有損于公司業(yè)績(jī)的重要原因[7],同樣,中國(guó)的女性董事相對(duì)而言更為年輕。經(jīng)統(tǒng)計(jì),2000~2009年男性董事的平均年齡47.56,女性董事的平均年齡44.74,二者之間差異的檢驗(yàn)顯示T值為48.02,在1%水平上顯著。綜上所述,提出假設(shè)1:

財(cái)經(jīng)理論與實(shí)踐(雙月刊)2014年第2期2014年第2期(總第188期)周澤將,修宗峰:女性董事對(duì)企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)績(jī)效影響的實(shí)證研究

H1:限定其他條件,女性董事?lián)p害了企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)績(jī)。

在董事會(huì)中,非獨(dú)立董事和獨(dú)立董事發(fā)揮作用的路徑是不完全一致的。非獨(dú)立董事是股東利益在企業(yè)中的代表,是確保股東利益實(shí)現(xiàn)的重要制度安排。在中國(guó)她們往往直接參與企業(yè)的經(jīng)營(yíng)管理。當(dāng)非獨(dú)立董事是女性時(shí),承接假設(shè)1的分析邏輯,年輕缺乏經(jīng)驗(yàn)、經(jīng)營(yíng)管理意見(jiàn)分歧的增大和更加厭惡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)無(wú)疑會(huì)不利于經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)績(jī)的改善,甚至損害了經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)績(jī)。

而獨(dú)立董事主要是在聲譽(yù)機(jī)制的約束作用下,更為客觀有效地履行監(jiān)督職能、降低代理成本[21]。王躍堂等(2006)研究表明我國(guó)上市公司的獨(dú)立董事比例與公司績(jī)效顯著正相關(guān)[22]。周繁等(2008)的研究則支持了我國(guó)獨(dú)立董事市場(chǎng)聲譽(yù)機(jī)制的有效性[23]。已經(jīng)有一系列研究表明,女性具有以下特征:在財(cái)務(wù)決策時(shí)通常表現(xiàn)出更多的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)厭惡[17-20];男女性由于完全不同的道德發(fā)展歷程而會(huì)表現(xiàn)出對(duì)待工作的不同價(jià)值傾向,價(jià)值傾向反過(guò)來(lái)會(huì)影響到男女性的道德和行為。通常,男性更偏好金錢(qián)、提拔、權(quán)力和個(gè)人表現(xiàn)的有形度量,女性則更關(guān)注和諧的關(guān)系和幫助他人[24]。女性的上述特征促使女性獨(dú)立董事通過(guò)更加認(rèn)真負(fù)責(zé)地工作來(lái)降低其面臨的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),更加積極地履行監(jiān)督職能,從而聲譽(yù)約束機(jī)制作用進(jìn)一步增強(qiáng),有利于經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)績(jī)的改善。綜上所述,提出假設(shè)2和假設(shè)3:

H2:限定其他條件,女性非獨(dú)立董事?lián)p害了企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)績(jī)。

H3:限定其他條件,女性獨(dú)立董事提升了企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)績(jī)。

三、樣本選擇與研究設(shè)計(jì)

(一)樣本選擇

五、研究結(jié)論與啟示

盡管國(guó)外已有較多文獻(xiàn)涉及到女性董事與經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)績(jī)之間的關(guān)系問(wèn)題,但是源于制度背景、文化傳統(tǒng)和女性董事形成路徑等方面的差異,且區(qū)分女性董事類型在國(guó)外文獻(xiàn)中較少涉及,因此,國(guó)外的研究分析框架未必適合中國(guó)的現(xiàn)實(shí)國(guó)情。以上采用中國(guó)上市公司的數(shù)據(jù),實(shí)證分析了女性董事、不同類型的女性董事對(duì)于企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)績(jī)的影響。研究結(jié)果表明:女性董事與經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)績(jī)顯著負(fù)相關(guān),區(qū)分女性董事類型后,女性非獨(dú)立董事與女性獨(dú)立董事對(duì)于經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)績(jī)的影響呈現(xiàn)出不對(duì)稱性,具體地,女性非獨(dú)立董事降低了經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)績(jī),而女性獨(dú)立董事促進(jìn)了經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)績(jī)提升。

研究結(jié)論對(duì)于政府部門(mén)和企業(yè)都具有重要的啟示意義。十八大報(bào)告中將男女平等上升到基本國(guó)策,在這一背景下如何充分發(fā)揮女性董事在公司治理中的積極作用已成為當(dāng)前面臨的重要問(wèn)題。盡管中國(guó)政府在相關(guān)政策層面大力提倡男女平等、鼓勵(lì)培養(yǎng)女性領(lǐng)導(dǎo),但本文的經(jīng)驗(yàn)證據(jù)揭示女性非獨(dú)立董事和女性獨(dú)立董事對(duì)企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)績(jī)的影響結(jié)果迥異,主要原因可能在于兩種不同類型董事履職素質(zhì)差異所致。如果女性董事沒(méi)有履行職能的必要素質(zhì),女性董事則難以發(fā)揮積極作用,相反甚至?xí)p害到經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)績(jī)。只有女性自身素質(zhì)得以完善時(shí),女性董事方能促進(jìn)企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)績(jī)的改善。因此,政府不能簡(jiǎn)單地強(qiáng)調(diào)女性在管理層的代表性和所占比例的提升,而應(yīng)該采取切實(shí)行動(dòng),積極創(chuàng)造培養(yǎng)女性領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的環(huán)境,提升女性領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的決策水平,從而有效地改進(jìn)企業(yè)運(yùn)營(yíng)效率和業(yè)績(jī)。在企業(yè)層面,應(yīng)進(jìn)一步發(fā)揮女性獨(dú)立董事市場(chǎng)聲譽(yù)約束機(jī)制的積極作用,培育有利于女性非獨(dú)立董事發(fā)揮積極作用的環(huán)境,如逐步優(yōu)化女性非獨(dú)立董事的市場(chǎng)選拔機(jī)制、增強(qiáng)女性董事在董事會(huì)中的話語(yǔ)權(quán)等,從而使得我國(guó)的董事會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)更趨合理,切實(shí)為股東創(chuàng)造更多的價(jià)值。

參考文獻(xiàn):

[1]Adams, S. M., Flynn, P. M. Local knowledge advances womens access to corporate boards [J]. Corporate Governance, 2005, 13(6): 836-846.

[2]施星輝,曾蘭. 股市上的木蘭方正[J]. 中國(guó)企業(yè)家,2010,(5):92-94.

[3]Carter, D. A., Simkins, B. J., Simpson, W. G. Corporate governance, board diversity, and firm value [J]. Financial Review, 2003, 38(1): 33-53.

[4]Erhardt, N. L., Werbel, J. D., Shrader, C. B. Board of director diversity and firm financial performance [J]. Corporate Governance, 2003, 11(2): 102-111.

[5]Kang. E., Ding, D. K., Charoenwong, C. Investor reaction to women directors [J]. Journal of Business Research, 2010, 63(8): 888-894.

[6]Adams, R. A., Ferreira, D. Women in the boardroom and their impact on governance and performance [J]. Journal of Financial Economics, 2009, 94(2): 291-309.

[7]Ahern, K. R., Dittmar, A. K. The changing of the boards: the impact on firm valuation of mandated female board representation [J]. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2012, 127(1): 137-197.

[8]Hermalin, B. E., Weisbach, M. S. Endogenously chosen boards of directors and their monitoring of the CEO [J]. American Economic Review, 1998, 88(1): 96-118.

[9]Terjesen, S.,Sealy,R.,Singh,V.Women directors on corporate boards:a review and research agenda [J]. Corporate Governance:an International Review, 2009,17(3):320-337.

[10]Gul, F. A., Srinidhi, B., Ng, A.C.Does board gender diversity improve the informativeness of stock price [J]. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 2011, 51(3): 314-338.

[11]白重恩,劉俏,陸洲,宋敏,張俊喜. 中國(guó)上市公司治理結(jié)構(gòu)的實(shí)證研究[J]. 經(jīng)濟(jì)研究,2005,(2):81-91.

[12]Carter,D.A.,DSouza,F(xiàn).,Simkins,B. J.,Simpson, W. G. The gender and ethnic diversity of US boards and board committees and firm financial performance [J]. Corporate Governance:an International Review, 2010, 18(5): 396-414.

[13]Kang, H., Cheng, M.,Gray,S. J.Corporate governance and board composition: diversity and independence of australian boards [J]. Corporate Governance:an International Review, 2007, 15(2): 194-207.

[14]Pfeffer, J. Size and composition of corporate boards of directors:the organization and environment [J]. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1972, 17(2): 218-229.

[15]Westphal, J. D., Milton, L. P. How experience and network ties affect the influence of demographic minorities on corporate boards [J]. Administrative Science Quarterly, 2000, 45(2): 366-398.

[16]Graham, J. F., Jr, E. J. S., Myers, J. K., Graham, M. J. Gender differences in investment strategies: an information processing perspectives [J]. The International Journal of Bank Marketing, 2002, 20(1): 17-26.

[17]Jianakoplos, N. A., Bernasek, A. Are women more risk averse [J]. Economic Inquiry, 1998, 36(4): 620-630.

[18]Martin, A. D., Nishikawa, T., Williams, M. A. CEO gender: effects on valuation and risk [J]. Quarterly Journal of Finance and Accounting, 2009, 48(3): 23-40.

[19]祝繼高,葉康濤,嚴(yán)冬. 女性董事的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)規(guī)避與企業(yè)投資行為研究[J]. 財(cái)貿(mào)經(jīng)濟(jì),2012,(4):50-58.

[20]李小榮,劉行. CEO vs CFO:性別與股價(jià)崩盤(pán)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[J]. 世界經(jīng)濟(jì),2012,(12):102-130.

[21]Fama, E. F., Jensen, M. C. Separation of ownership and control [J]. Journal of Law and Economics, 1983, 26(2): 301-325.

[22]王躍堂,趙子夜,魏曉雁. 董事會(huì)的獨(dú)立性是否影響公司績(jī)效[J]. 經(jīng)濟(jì)研究,2006,(5):62-73.

[23]周繁,譚勁松,簡(jiǎn)宇寅. 聲譽(yù)激勵(lì)還是經(jīng)濟(jì)激勵(lì) [J]. 中國(guó)會(huì)計(jì)評(píng)論,2008,(2):177-192.

[24]Betz, J., OConnell, L., Shepard, J. M. Gender difference in proclivity for unethical behavior [J]. Journal of Business Ethics, 1989, 8(5): 321-324.

[25]Hillman, A. J., Shropshire, C., Cannella, A. A. Organizational predictors of women on corporate boards [J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2007, 50(4): 941-952.

[26]Lev, B., Sougiannis, T. The capitalization, amortization, and value-relevance of R&D [J]. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 1996, 21(1): 107-138.

[27]張會(huì)麗,張然,林景藝.女性高管是否影響公司盈余質(zhì)量基于我國(guó)上市公司的大樣本分析[J].財(cái)經(jīng)理論與實(shí)踐,2011,(6):62-66.

[28]Vafeas, N. Board meeting frequency and firm performance [J]. Journal of Financial Economics, 1999, 53(1): 113-142.

(責(zé)任編輯:漆玲瓊)

An Empirical Study on Female Director's Effect on Operation Performance: Evidence from Listed Chinese Ashare Companies from 2000~2009

ZHOU Zejiang1, XIU Zongfeng2

. (1. Business School, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China;2. Business School, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China).

Abstract:As women's social status is promoted gradually, how female directors influence operation performance is becoming a focus. Using listed companies in China's Ashare stock market from 2000 to 2009 as samples, this article tests female directors' impact on performance empirically. After controlling the endogeneity issue of female directors and performance, we find that female directors decrease enterprises' performance significantly in general; furthermore, when female directors are divided into nonindependent and independent ones, empirical results show that female nonindependent directors harm the performance, but female independent directors are conducive to the advance of performance. The results above are true regardless of state owned enterprises(SOEs) or nonSOEs.

Key words:Female Directors;Operation Performance;Endogeneity; Listed Companies

[13]Kang, H., Cheng, M.,Gray,S. J.Corporate governance and board composition: diversity and independence of australian boards [J]. Corporate Governance:an International Review, 2007, 15(2): 194-207.

[14]Pfeffer, J. Size and composition of corporate boards of directors:the organization and environment [J]. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1972, 17(2): 218-229.

[15]Westphal, J. D., Milton, L. P. How experience and network ties affect the influence of demographic minorities on corporate boards [J]. Administrative Science Quarterly, 2000, 45(2): 366-398.

[16]Graham, J. F., Jr, E. J. S., Myers, J. K., Graham, M. J. Gender differences in investment strategies: an information processing perspectives [J]. The International Journal of Bank Marketing, 2002, 20(1): 17-26.

[17]Jianakoplos, N. A., Bernasek, A. Are women more risk averse [J]. Economic Inquiry, 1998, 36(4): 620-630.

[18]Martin, A. D., Nishikawa, T., Williams, M. A. CEO gender: effects on valuation and risk [J]. Quarterly Journal of Finance and Accounting, 2009, 48(3): 23-40.

[19]祝繼高,葉康濤,嚴(yán)冬. 女性董事的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)規(guī)避與企業(yè)投資行為研究[J]. 財(cái)貿(mào)經(jīng)濟(jì),2012,(4):50-58.

[20]李小榮,劉行. CEO vs CFO:性別與股價(jià)崩盤(pán)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[J]. 世界經(jīng)濟(jì),2012,(12):102-130.

[21]Fama, E. F., Jensen, M. C. Separation of ownership and control [J]. Journal of Law and Economics, 1983, 26(2): 301-325.

[22]王躍堂,趙子夜,魏曉雁. 董事會(huì)的獨(dú)立性是否影響公司績(jī)效[J]. 經(jīng)濟(jì)研究,2006,(5):62-73.

[23]周繁,譚勁松,簡(jiǎn)宇寅. 聲譽(yù)激勵(lì)還是經(jīng)濟(jì)激勵(lì) [J]. 中國(guó)會(huì)計(jì)評(píng)論,2008,(2):177-192.

[24]Betz, J., OConnell, L., Shepard, J. M. Gender difference in proclivity for unethical behavior [J]. Journal of Business Ethics, 1989, 8(5): 321-324.

[25]Hillman, A. J., Shropshire, C., Cannella, A. A. Organizational predictors of women on corporate boards [J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2007, 50(4): 941-952.

[26]Lev, B., Sougiannis, T. The capitalization, amortization, and value-relevance of R&D [J]. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 1996, 21(1): 107-138.

[27]張會(huì)麗,張然,林景藝.女性高管是否影響公司盈余質(zhì)量基于我國(guó)上市公司的大樣本分析[J].財(cái)經(jīng)理論與實(shí)踐,2011,(6):62-66.

[28]Vafeas, N. Board meeting frequency and firm performance [J]. Journal of Financial Economics, 1999, 53(1): 113-142.

(責(zé)任編輯:漆玲瓊)

An Empirical Study on Female Director's Effect on Operation Performance: Evidence from Listed Chinese Ashare Companies from 2000~2009

ZHOU Zejiang1, XIU Zongfeng2

. (1. Business School, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China;2. Business School, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China).

Abstract:As women's social status is promoted gradually, how female directors influence operation performance is becoming a focus. Using listed companies in China's Ashare stock market from 2000 to 2009 as samples, this article tests female directors' impact on performance empirically. After controlling the endogeneity issue of female directors and performance, we find that female directors decrease enterprises' performance significantly in general; furthermore, when female directors are divided into nonindependent and independent ones, empirical results show that female nonindependent directors harm the performance, but female independent directors are conducive to the advance of performance. The results above are true regardless of state owned enterprises(SOEs) or nonSOEs.

Key words:Female Directors;Operation Performance;Endogeneity; Listed Companies

[13]Kang, H., Cheng, M.,Gray,S. J.Corporate governance and board composition: diversity and independence of australian boards [J]. Corporate Governance:an International Review, 2007, 15(2): 194-207.

[14]Pfeffer, J. Size and composition of corporate boards of directors:the organization and environment [J]. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1972, 17(2): 218-229.

[15]Westphal, J. D., Milton, L. P. How experience and network ties affect the influence of demographic minorities on corporate boards [J]. Administrative Science Quarterly, 2000, 45(2): 366-398.

[16]Graham, J. F., Jr, E. J. S., Myers, J. K., Graham, M. J. Gender differences in investment strategies: an information processing perspectives [J]. The International Journal of Bank Marketing, 2002, 20(1): 17-26.

[17]Jianakoplos, N. A., Bernasek, A. Are women more risk averse [J]. Economic Inquiry, 1998, 36(4): 620-630.

[18]Martin, A. D., Nishikawa, T., Williams, M. A. CEO gender: effects on valuation and risk [J]. Quarterly Journal of Finance and Accounting, 2009, 48(3): 23-40.

[19]祝繼高,葉康濤,嚴(yán)冬. 女性董事的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)規(guī)避與企業(yè)投資行為研究[J]. 財(cái)貿(mào)經(jīng)濟(jì),2012,(4):50-58.

[20]李小榮,劉行. CEO vs CFO:性別與股價(jià)崩盤(pán)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[J]. 世界經(jīng)濟(jì),2012,(12):102-130.

[21]Fama, E. F., Jensen, M. C. Separation of ownership and control [J]. Journal of Law and Economics, 1983, 26(2): 301-325.

[22]王躍堂,趙子夜,魏曉雁. 董事會(huì)的獨(dú)立性是否影響公司績(jī)效[J]. 經(jīng)濟(jì)研究,2006,(5):62-73.

[23]周繁,譚勁松,簡(jiǎn)宇寅. 聲譽(yù)激勵(lì)還是經(jīng)濟(jì)激勵(lì) [J]. 中國(guó)會(huì)計(jì)評(píng)論,2008,(2):177-192.

[24]Betz, J., OConnell, L., Shepard, J. M. Gender difference in proclivity for unethical behavior [J]. Journal of Business Ethics, 1989, 8(5): 321-324.

[25]Hillman, A. J., Shropshire, C., Cannella, A. A. Organizational predictors of women on corporate boards [J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2007, 50(4): 941-952.

[26]Lev, B., Sougiannis, T. The capitalization, amortization, and value-relevance of R&D [J]. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 1996, 21(1): 107-138.

[27]張會(huì)麗,張然,林景藝.女性高管是否影響公司盈余質(zhì)量基于我國(guó)上市公司的大樣本分析[J].財(cái)經(jīng)理論與實(shí)踐,2011,(6):62-66.

[28]Vafeas, N. Board meeting frequency and firm performance [J]. Journal of Financial Economics, 1999, 53(1): 113-142.

(責(zé)任編輯:漆玲瓊)

An Empirical Study on Female Director's Effect on Operation Performance: Evidence from Listed Chinese Ashare Companies from 2000~2009

ZHOU Zejiang1, XIU Zongfeng2

. (1. Business School, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China;2. Business School, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China).

Abstract:As women's social status is promoted gradually, how female directors influence operation performance is becoming a focus. Using listed companies in China's Ashare stock market from 2000 to 2009 as samples, this article tests female directors' impact on performance empirically. After controlling the endogeneity issue of female directors and performance, we find that female directors decrease enterprises' performance significantly in general; furthermore, when female directors are divided into nonindependent and independent ones, empirical results show that female nonindependent directors harm the performance, but female independent directors are conducive to the advance of performance. The results above are true regardless of state owned enterprises(SOEs) or nonSOEs.

Key words:Female Directors;Operation Performance;Endogeneity; Listed Companies

主站蜘蛛池模板: 欧美日本中文| 啪啪啪亚洲无码| 国产一在线观看| 伊人成人在线视频| 萌白酱国产一区二区| 中文字幕亚洲精品2页| 2021天堂在线亚洲精品专区| 中文字幕久久精品波多野结| 国产杨幂丝袜av在线播放| 国产xx在线观看| 手机在线国产精品| 呦视频在线一区二区三区| 国产久操视频| 五月激激激综合网色播免费| 日韩精品亚洲人旧成在线| 午夜福利在线观看成人| 超碰免费91| 99一级毛片| 亚卅精品无码久久毛片乌克兰| 波多野结衣一区二区三区AV| 国产精品福利导航| 国产成人av一区二区三区| 日韩最新中文字幕| 91精品啪在线观看国产91九色| 乱人伦99久久| 欧美精品在线免费| 亚洲日韩精品欧美中文字幕| 亚洲成人精品久久| 欧美国产综合视频| 操美女免费网站| 国内老司机精品视频在线播出| 久久天天躁狠狠躁夜夜躁| 日韩视频福利| 亚洲大尺度在线| 亚洲人成网站色7799在线播放 | 国产色偷丝袜婷婷无码麻豆制服| 高清乱码精品福利在线视频| 成人精品午夜福利在线播放| 亚洲一区二区三区在线视频| 中国黄色一级视频| 亚洲综合片| 伊人色综合久久天天| 亚洲中文在线视频| 午夜啪啪网| 日韩中文字幕免费在线观看| 久久精品一卡日本电影| 国产一级无码不卡视频| 亚洲第一视频网| 国产精品偷伦视频免费观看国产| 91精品福利自产拍在线观看| 久久国产精品电影| 国产成人精品一区二区三区| 亚洲小视频网站| 国产电话自拍伊人| 亚洲va精品中文字幕| 热久久国产| 美女内射视频WWW网站午夜 | 亚洲国产亚综合在线区| 成人一区专区在线观看| 久草热视频在线| 91娇喘视频| 中文国产成人精品久久| 国产成人a毛片在线| 免费国产小视频在线观看| 成人国产精品2021| 成年午夜精品久久精品| 久久无码高潮喷水| 大香网伊人久久综合网2020| 免费视频在线2021入口| 国产亚洲视频中文字幕视频| 国产区免费| 日韩欧美91| 国产精品流白浆在线观看| 国产成人h在线观看网站站| 欧美日本在线观看| 国外欧美一区另类中文字幕| 四虎国产永久在线观看| 91小视频版在线观看www| 国产精品lululu在线观看| 欧美h在线观看| 国产99在线| 少妇精品久久久一区二区三区|