唐青+侯建青
[摘要] 目的 檢測Snail、E-cadherin及Vimentin在上皮性卵巢癌組織中的表達,探討Snail介導的上皮間質轉化(EMT)在卵巢癌發生、發展及轉移中的作用。 方法 采用免疫組化法分別檢測Snail、E-cadherin、Vimentin在48例卵巢漿液性腺癌、卵巢交界性漿液性腫瘤及卵巢漿液性腺瘤中的表達,探討EMT相關因子表達強度的相關性及與臨床病理特征之間的關系。 結果 (1)Snail、Vimentin在卵巢漿液性腺癌中的表達率為(68.75%/66.67%),高于卵巢交界性漿液性腺瘤的(41.67%/37.50%)及卵巢漿液性腺瘤的(25.00%/18.75%),結果均具有顯著的統計學差異(P<0.05),E-cadherin在卵巢漿液性腺癌中的表達率為27.08%,低于與卵巢交界性漿液性腺瘤的54.17%及卵巢漿液性腺瘤的75.00%,結果均具有統計學差異(P<0.05)。而卵巢交界性漿液性腺瘤組與卵巢漿液性腺瘤組比較,三種蛋白的表達均無統計學差異(P>0.05)。(2)Snail、E-cadherin及Vimentin的表達高低與FIGO分期、分化級別、有無淋巴結轉移及腹膜種植有關。(3)在卵巢漿液性腺癌中,Snail與Vimentin的表達呈正相關(r=0.477,P<0.05),Snail與E-cadherin的表達呈負相關(r=-0.601,P<0.05),而E-cadherin與Vimentin表達的相關性不明顯(r=-0.206, P>0.05)。結論 在上皮性卵巢癌組織中,Snail、Vimentin表達上調,E-cadherin表達下調,提示Snail介導的EMT可能與卵巢癌的發生、發展及浸潤轉移有關。
[關鍵詞] Snail;E-cadherin;Vimentin;上皮性卵巢癌;上皮間質轉化
[中圖分類號] R737.31 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 2095-0616(2014)07-09-06
Effects of Snail mediated EMT in epithelial ovarian carcinoma
TANG Qing1 HOU Jianqing2
1.Medical College of Qingdao University,Qingdao 266000,China;2.Department of Gynecology,Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Qingdao University,Yantai 264000,China
[Abstract] Objective To Study the effect on Snail mediated epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) in ovarian cancer occurrence, development and metastasis. Methods Immunohistochemical staining was detected Snail, E-cadherin,in 48 cases of ovarian serous adenocarcinoma,ovarian serous borderline tumors and ovarian serous adenomas Vimentin,investigate the correlation between the expression of EMT -related factors and the strength and relationship between clinicopathological features. Results (1)The expression of Snail,Vimentin in ovarian serous adenocarcinoma was 68.75% and 66.67%,higher than in borderline serous ovarian tumors (41.67% and 37.50) and in ovarian serous adenomas( 25.00% and 18.75%),with significant difference(P<0.05),the expression of E-cadherin in ovarian serous adenocarcinoma of the rate of 27.08%,lower than in borderline serous ovarian tumors(54.17%) and in ovarian serous adenomas(75.00%),with significant difference(P<0.05). Between the borderline ovarian serous cystadenoma and ovarian serous adenoma group,there was statistical difference in the expression of the three proteins(P>0.05).(2)The expression level of Snail and FIGO, E-cadherin and Vimentin staging,differentiation level,there was no lymph node metastasis and peritoneal implants.(3)in ovarian serous adenocarcinoma, the expression of Snail positively correlated with Vimentin (r=0.477,P<0.05),the expression of Snail was negatively correlated with E-cadherin(r=-0.601,P<0.05),and the expression of E-cadherin and Vimentin correlation is not obvious(r=-0.206,P<0.05). Conclusion In epithelial ovarian cancer,Snail,Vimentin upregulation,E-cadherin downregulation,suggesting that Snail -mediated EMT may be transferred with ovarian cancer,development and infiltration.endprint
[Key words] Snail;E-cadherin;Vimentin;Epithelial ovarian cancer;Epithelial- mesenchymal transition
卵巢癌是女性生殖系統常見的三大惡性腫瘤之一,其死亡率居婦科惡性腫瘤之首。腫瘤的復發、侵襲轉移是導致卵巢癌患者死亡的主要原因,但其
發生、發展及浸潤轉移的分子機制尚不完全清楚。近年大量研究發現,上皮間質轉化(Epithelial mesenchymal transition,EMT)與腫瘤的侵襲轉移有關,轉錄因子Snail作為EMT的關鍵調控因子,在EMT發生過程中扮演重要角色。EMT發生的重
表1 Snail、E-cadherin及Vimentin在三種不同卵巢組織中的表達
組別 n Snail的表達 E-cadherin的表達 Vimentin的表達
陽性 陽性率(%) 陽性 陽性率(%) 陽性 陽性率(%)
卵巢漿液性腺癌 48 33 68.75 13 27.08 32 66.67
卵巢交界性漿液性腫瘤 48 20 41.67 26 54.17 18 37.50
卵巢漿液性腺瘤 48 12 25.00 36 75.00 9 18.75
要標志是上皮細胞形態的改變和極性的喪失,并轉變為細胞間粘附力低、遷移力、侵襲力及播散能力強的間質細胞的特性,從而成為腫瘤細胞侵襲、轉移的基礎。本文通過檢測EMT相關標記物E-cadherin、Vimentin及轉錄調控因子Snail在三種不同卵巢組織中的表達,探討Snail介導的EMT與卵巢癌發生發展及侵襲轉移中的作用。
1 材料與方法
1.1 材料及來源
選取青島大學醫學院附屬煙臺毓璜頂醫院2011年7月~2013年10月間經病理檢驗確診為卵巢漿液性腺癌的患者48例,術前均未行輔助放化療。年齡25~72歲,平均53.4歲,中位年齡54歲。(1) 按照FIGO分期標準:Ⅰ期10例,Ⅱ期5例,Ⅲ期30例,Ⅳ期3例;(2)病理組織學分化:高分化10例,中分化9例,低分化29例;(3)有淋巴結轉30例,無淋巴結轉移18例。(4)有腹膜轉移36例,無腹膜轉移12例。隨機選取同期經手術切除的48例卵巢交界性漿液性腫瘤及卵巢漿液性腺瘤作為對照組。
所有標本經甲醛溶液固定,常規將標本脫水、石蠟包埋,并設定以4μm為厚度,將石蠟包塊連續切片。
1.2 主要試劑
兔抗人Snail多克隆抗體購自美國Abcam公司、兔抗人E-cadherin多克隆抗體及兔抗人Vimentin多克隆抗體、辣根過氧化物酶標記羊抗兔IgG、SP免疫組化試劑盒、DAB酶底物顯色試劑盒均購自福州邁新公司,PBS緩沖液(pH 7.4)、二甲苯、枸櫞酸鹽抗原修復液、多濃度梯度酒精、過氧化氫等試劑均為青島大學醫學院附屬煙臺毓璜頂醫院病理科提供。
1.3 Snail、Axl蛋白表達檢測
采用免疫組化SP法,按試劑盒說明書進行操作,用已知的陽性切片做陽性對照,用PBS代替一抗做陰性對照。
1.4 結果判定標準
Snail蛋白主要定位于細胞核,出現棕黃色顆粒狀染色為陽性;E-cadherin蛋白主要定位于細胞膜中,以細胞膜出現棕黃色顆粒為陽性;而Vimentin蛋白主要定位于細胞漿中,以細胞質中出現棕黃色顆粒為陽性。綜合染色強度和陽性細胞百分率確定表達水平。(1)染色強度分為0~3分:無著色或染色不清0分;淺黃色,1分;黃色,2分;棕黃色3分。(2)陽性細胞百分率:無陽性細胞,0分;1%~25%,1分;26%~50%,2分;51%~75%,3分;>75%,4分;每張切片計分等于染色強度分數乘以陽性細胞百分率,0~3分的視為陰性,>3分的視為陽性。
1.5 統計學處理
采用SPSS17.0軟件包進行統計學分析,數據間的比較均采用x2檢驗或者Fishers精確概論法,兩種蛋白之間的相關性采用Spearman相關分析,以P<0.05為差異具有統計學意義。
2 結果
2.1 Snail、E-cadherin及Vimentin分別在卵巢漿液性腺癌、卵巢交界性漿液性腫瘤及卵巢漿液性腺瘤中的表達的比較
隨著卵巢組織由良性向惡性轉變Snail、Vimentin的表達明顯增高,兩種蛋白在卵巢漿液性腺癌中的表達率分別為(68.75%/66.67%)(圖1、2),高于卵巢交界性漿液性腺瘤的(41.67%/37.50%)(圖3、4)及卵巢漿液性腺瘤的(25.00%/18.75%)(圖5、6),結果均具有顯著的統計學差異(P<0.05),而E-cadherin的表達隨著病變進展逐漸下調,其在卵巢漿液性腺癌中的表達率為27.08%(圖7),低于與卵巢交界性漿液性腺瘤的54.17%(圖8)及卵巢漿液性腺瘤的75%(圖9),結果具有統計學差異(P<0.05)。而Snail、E-cadherin、Vimentin在卵巢交界性漿液性腺瘤組與卵巢漿液性腺瘤組的表達均無差異(P>0.05)。見表1。
圖1 Snail在卵巢漿液性腺癌中度表達(10×10)
圖2 Vimentin在卵巢漿液性腺癌中度表達(10×10)
圖3 Snail在卵巢交界性漿液性腫瘤少量表達(10×10)
圖4 Vimentin在卵巢交界性漿液性腫瘤少量表達(10×10)
圖5 Snail在卵巢漿液性腺瘤中陰性表達(10×10)
圖6 Vimentin在卵巢漿液性腺瘤中陰性表達(10×10)
圖7 E-cadherin在卵巢漿液性腺癌少量表達(10×10)endprint
圖8 E-cadherin在卵巢交界性漿液性腫瘤中中度表達(10×10)
圖9 E-cadherin在卵巢漿液性腺瘤中高度表達(10×10)
2.2 Snail、E-cadherin及Vimentin的表達與臨床病理參數之間的關系
在卵巢漿液性腺癌中,Snail、E-cadherin及Vimentin的表達與臨床分期、組織分化程度、有無淋巴結轉移及腹膜種植有關。Snail、Vimentin在FIGO分期為Ⅲ-Ⅳ期的卵巢癌組織中的表達率高于Ⅰ~Ⅱ期的組織、在中低分化組織中的表達高于
表2 Snail、E-cadherin及Vimentin的表達與臨床病理參數之間的關系
臨床病
理參數 n Snail的表達 E-cadherin的表達 Vimentin的表達
陽性 陽性率(%) P 陽性 陽性率(%) P 陽性 陽性率(%) P
FIGO分期
Ⅰ~Ⅱ 15 4 26.67 0.000 11 73.33 0.000 3 20.00 0.027
Ⅲ~Ⅳ 33 29 87.88 5 15.15 19 57.58
分化程度
G1~G2 19 10 52.63 0.049 14 73.68 0.040 7 36.84 0.019
G3 29 24 82.76 12 41.38 21 72.41
淋巴結轉移
有 30 26 86.67 0.001 5 16.67 0.001 16 53.33 0.001
無 18 7 38.89 12 66.67 3 16.67
腹膜種植
有 36 26 72.22 0.002 7 19.44 0.001 24 66.67 0.018
無 12 2 16.67 9 75.00 3 25.00
表3 Snail、E-cadherin及Vimentin在上皮性卵巢癌組織中表達強度的相關性
蛋白類型 n Vimentin的表達 E-cadherin的表達
陽性 陽性率(%) r P 陽性 陽性率(%) r P
Snali陽性表達 33 27 6 0.477 0.002 3 30 -0.601 0.000
Snail陰性表達 15 5 10 10 5
E-cadherin陽性表達 32 6 24 -0.206 0.190
E-cadherin陰性表達 16 7 11
高分化組織、有淋巴結轉移及腹膜轉移的組織中其陽性表達率明顯高于沒有淋巴結及腹膜轉移的組織,差異均有統計學意義(P<0.05)。而E-cadherin在FIGO分期晚(Ⅲ~Ⅳ期)、分化差(中低分化)及有淋巴結核腹膜轉移的卵巢漿液性腺癌組織中的表達低于FIGO分期早(Ⅰ~Ⅱ期)、分化高(高分化)及無淋巴結及腹膜轉移的組織,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05)。見表2。
2.3 Snail、E-cadherin及Vimentin在上皮性卵巢癌組織中表達強度的相關性
由Spearman相關分析顯示,Snail與E-cadherin在上皮性卵巢癌中的表達水平呈負相關(r=-0.601,P<0.05);Snail與Vimentin在上皮性卵巢癌組織中的表達呈正相關(r=0.477,P<0.05)。而上皮性標志物E-cadherin與間葉性標志物Vimentin表達的相關性不明顯(r=-0.206,P>0.05)。見表3。
3 討論
卵巢癌的復發、侵襲轉移是導致90%患者死亡的主要原因,近年來EMT已成為腫瘤界研究的熱點。EMT是指上皮細胞在形態上轉變為間充質細胞的表型,同時細胞的粘附力降低,運動遷移能力增強。EMT的發生是以E-cadherin、細胞角蛋白等上皮性標志物表達下調,Vimentin、N-cadherin等間葉性標志物表達上調為特點[1],鋅指轉錄因子Snail作為EMT發生過程中的關鍵調控因子[2-3],其異常表達可激活多種信號通路,導致上皮來源的細胞獲得遷移能力,引起腫瘤細胞的侵襲、浸潤和轉移。
E-cadherin是一種腫瘤抑制基因,近年的研究發現,E-cadherin的異常表達可以引起腫瘤的侵襲、轉移,這說明E-cadherin不僅發揮抑癌因子的作用,還具有促癌作用。多種研究結果顯示,抑制E-cadherin的功能或表達,可引起細胞形態向間充質細胞轉化,并引起細胞移行、侵襲及轉移[4-6]。有研究表明,在由交界性漿液性腫瘤轉變而來的低分化漿液性癌中可見E-cadherin的表達逐漸下調[7-8]。并且有文獻報道,晚期卵巢癌組織中常見E-cadherin的低表達,且低表達E-cadherin的卵巢癌可能導致其侵襲、轉移[9-10]。Vimentin作為EMT發生的間葉性標志物也參與腫瘤的侵襲轉移過程,Vimentin的功能是引起細胞遷移,而細胞遷移是引起惡性腫瘤播散的基礎。近年來越來越多的研究表明,Vimentin不僅表達于間充質起源的細胞中,在上皮來源的惡性腫瘤中也可呈陽性表達,并且其表達與惡性腫瘤的組織分化程度低、侵襲轉移及不良預后密切相關[11-13]。
本研究結果顯示,隨著病情進展,E-cadherin的陽性表達率逐漸遞減,E-cadherin在卵巢漿液性腺癌中的陽性表達率明顯低于卵巢交界性漿液性腫瘤及卵巢漿液性腺瘤,其差異有統計學意義(P<0.05),與文獻報道相一致。而Vimentin隨著病情進展陽性表達率逐漸上升,且其在卵巢漿液性腺癌中的陽性表達率明顯高于卵巢交界性漿液性腫瘤及卵巢漿液性腺瘤,差異具有顯著的統計學意義(P<0.01)。并且兩種蛋白的表達與上皮性卵巢癌的FIGO分期晚、組織分化差、有淋巴結及遠處轉移有關。從Spearman相關分析結果顯示,E-cadherin與Vimentin表達的相關性不明顯(r=-0.206,P>0.05),此結果可能與某些潛在的未知因素存在有關。因此,在上皮性卵巢腫瘤病變發展過程中,隨著E-cadherin的表達下調,細胞間粘附力降低,Vimentin表達上調,細胞遷移運動能力增強,從而促進了上皮性卵巢癌中腫瘤細胞的侵襲播散和轉移。endprint
Snail是EMT最重要、最早發現的轉錄抑制因子,其病理性激活可使腫瘤細胞獲得侵襲的特性[14]。Margit等提出,在腫瘤發展的EMT過程中,Snail可直接結合E-cadherin啟動子E-box,抑制E-cadherin的表達,上調間質細胞標志物Viemntin的表達,導致細胞間連接減少,細胞遷移能力增強,誘導EMT發生并促進腫瘤的進展。張麗莉等[15]通過提取不同臨床病理分期的胃癌組織及正常胃粘膜組織中的Snail mRNA表達發現,Snail在正常胃黏膜組織中低表達,在組織分化級別低、臨床分期晚、有淋巴結轉移及脈管侵犯的胃癌組織中表達增強,并且與胃癌的組織分化程度、臨床分期、有無淋巴結轉移及血管侵犯呈正相關。本研究結果顯示,Snail在卵巢漿液性腺癌中的陽性表達率明顯高于卵巢交界性漿液性腫瘤及卵巢漿液性腺瘤,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05),且其高表達與上皮性卵巢癌的FIGO分期、分化級別、有無淋巴結轉移及腹膜種植有關(P<0.05)。從Spearman相關分析結果顯示,當Snail高表達時,E-cadherin的低表達,而Viemntin的表達上調,Snail與E-cadherin的表達呈負相關(r=-0.601,P<0.05),與Viemntin的表達呈正相關(r=0.477,P<0.05)。以上研究說明了當EMT調控因子Snail高表達時,可抑制E-cadherin的表達,E-cadherin的表達下降使細胞間的粘附力降低,允許腫瘤細胞從原發灶脫落,而脫落的腫瘤細胞在盆腔內播散種植造成卵巢癌的浸潤轉移。
腫瘤的發生發展是多環節、多基因調控的復雜過程,Snail蛋白可能是調控卵巢癌發生發展的一個重要樞紐,對Snail介導的EMT過程還有待于深入研究。
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(收稿日期:2014-01-26)endprint
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[11] Chen MH,Yip GW.Expression of basal keratins and vimentin in breast cancers of young woman correlates with adverse pathologic parameters[J].Mod Pathol,2008,21(10):1183-1191.
[12] Hu L,Lau SH,Tzang CH,et al.Association of vimentin overexpression and hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis[J].Oncogenen,2004,23(1):298-302.
[13] Lang SH,Hyde C,Reid IN,et al.Enhanced expression of vimentin in motile prostate cell lines and poorly differentiated and metastatic prostate carcinoma[J].Prostate,2002,52(4):253-263.
[14] Nieto M A,Sargent M,Wilkinson DG,et al. Control of cell behavior during vertebrate development by Slug, a zinc-finger gene[J].Science,1994,264(8): 836-840.
[15] 張麗莉,張布衣,姚根有.組織芯片檢測Snail mRNA的表達及其與胃癌的關系[J].浙江臨床醫學,2008,10(8):1014-1015.
(收稿日期:2014-01-26)endprint
[10] Nabais S,Machado JC,Lopes C,et al.Patterns of beta-catenin expression ingastric carcinoma: clinicopathological relevance and mutation analysis[J].Int Surg Pathol,2011,11(1):1-9.
[11] Chen MH,Yip GW.Expression of basal keratins and vimentin in breast cancers of young woman correlates with adverse pathologic parameters[J].Mod Pathol,2008,21(10):1183-1191.
[12] Hu L,Lau SH,Tzang CH,et al.Association of vimentin overexpression and hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis[J].Oncogenen,2004,23(1):298-302.
[13] Lang SH,Hyde C,Reid IN,et al.Enhanced expression of vimentin in motile prostate cell lines and poorly differentiated and metastatic prostate carcinoma[J].Prostate,2002,52(4):253-263.
[14] Nieto M A,Sargent M,Wilkinson DG,et al. Control of cell behavior during vertebrate development by Slug, a zinc-finger gene[J].Science,1994,264(8): 836-840.
[15] 張麗莉,張布衣,姚根有.組織芯片檢測Snail mRNA的表達及其與胃癌的關系[J].浙江臨床醫學,2008,10(8):1014-1015.
(收稿日期:2014-01-26)endprint