孫婧陶+劉佳麗+張寶修+茹李波+李鐘淑+方南洙
摘要:研究了亞硒酸鈉對過氧化氫導致的延邊奶山羊乳腺上皮細胞氧化損傷的保護作用。將延邊奶山羊乳腺上皮細胞分為3組:正常組(對照組1)、過氧化氫損傷組(對照組2)、亞硒酸鈉保護組。MTT方法檢測細胞活力,Hoechst33342/PI 雙染、Giemsa染色法檢測細胞凋亡情況,DHE染色法檢測細胞內ROS含量。結果表明,與對照組2相比,濃度為0.25、0.5、1.0 μg/mL的亞硒酸鈉保護組的延邊奶山羊乳腺上皮細胞活力上升,細胞凋亡數目減少,活性氧含量減少。其中以0.5 μg/mL亞硒酸鈉處理組效果最顯著。說明0.5 μg/mL的亞硒酸鈉可以減少過氧化氫所致的延邊奶山羊乳腺上皮細胞的氧化損傷,提高細胞活力,抑制細胞凋亡,減少細胞內ROS含量。表明亞硒酸鈉對延邊奶山羊乳腺上皮細胞過氧化氫所致氧化損傷具有保護作用。
關鍵詞:亞硒酸鈉;乳腺上皮細胞;氧化損傷;凋亡
中圖分類號: S827.1文獻標志碼: A文章編號:1002-1302(2014)02-0155-04
收稿日期:2013-07-23
基金項目:吉林省科技廳重點項目(編號:20100228)。
作者簡介:孫婧陶(1990—),女,河北承德人,碩士,主要從事動物繁殖與生物技術研究。E-mail:sunjt1990@126.com。
通信作者:方南洙(1960—),男,朝鮮族,博士,教授,主要從事動物繁殖與生物技術研究。E-mail:nzfang@ybu.edu.cn。有氧代謝會產生大量的活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS),包括羥基自由基(·OH)、超氧化物陰離子( O-2· )、單線態氧(1O2)及過氧化氫(H2O2),這些物質會在生物體內不斷生成[1]。細胞自身的抗氧化功能會使細胞處于平衡狀態,但是當這種平衡一旦被打亂,細胞即處于氧化應激狀態下。氧化應激存在時,這種氧化損傷會導致一些至關重要的生物分子(包括誘導氧化損傷的基因組)聚集,最終導致一些生物效應,比如信號傳導的改變、與有絲分裂相關表達基因的改變、突變及細胞死亡[2-3]等。凋亡(細胞程序性死亡),是細胞參與的自我破壞的一種細胞死亡形式,該過程伴隨著細胞一系列典型的形態變化及生物化學變化[4],包括細胞縮小、染色質固縮、DNA核小體間的裂解[5]。細胞凋亡與壞死盡管都能造成細胞死亡,但是二者是不同的。為了防止壞死,受到破壞細胞的細胞膜破裂,緊接著會向細胞內基質釋放酶,造成炎癥反應。已經有研究證明ROS和氧化損傷與細胞凋亡是有關聯的[6-8]。低劑量的H2O2通過產生羥基自由基(·OH)和改變氧化/抗氧化途徑來誘導凋亡[9]。
硒對于維持各種各樣生理活動是必要的一種元素[10],同時硒是GSH-Px的成分,具有抗氧化的作用,它是生物體內重要的活性氧自由基清除劑,以Sec(含硒半胱氨酸)的形式發揮作用,硒參與構成了它的生物活性中心。GSH-Px用來調節細胞內和細胞間過氧化氫濃度[11]。硒元素與維生素E一樣被認為在清除自由基方面能夠發揮重要作用[12-13]。在細胞培養中,硒元素以亞硒酸鈉的形式存在,通過減少自由基及抑制脂質過氧化物來保護細胞免受氧化傷害[14-17]。Gopalakrishina 等研究稱,向骨髓間質細胞的培養基中添加硒元素,可以很好地使細胞抗氧化功能恢復從而降低對細胞的傷害[18]。因此,向培養基中添加亞硒酸鈉可以對受到氧化損傷的細胞進行保護。
1材料與方法
1.1材料
主要試劑:胎牛血清(fetaL bovine serum,FBS)購自GIBCO;姬姆薩(Giemsa)染液購自貝索生物科技有限公司;其他藥品,均購自SIGMA公司。
1.2方法
1.2.1延邊奶山羊乳腺上皮細胞(DGMECs)的培養乳腺上皮細胞用含10% FBS的DMEM/F12培養液培養,同時加入100 mg/mL青霉素、100 mg/mL鏈霉素、5 μg/mL胰島素。培養條件為38 ℃、5% CO2、飽和濕度。乳腺上皮細胞傳代采用胰蛋白酶消化法,細胞達到80%融合狀態時,用溫水浴后的PBS洗滌2次,加入0.15 %Trypsin-0.02 %EDTA,置于培養箱中,消化4~5 min,在倒置顯微鏡下觀察消化情況,待細胞收縮變圓時,用含有10% FBS的DMEM/F12培養液終止消化,吹打使細胞脫離瓶壁形成單細胞懸液,離心,接種(圖1)。
1.2.2H2O2誘導氧化損傷模型的建立參照先前研究[19],選取可以導致40%~50%細胞凋亡的100 μmol/L的H2O2作用4 h建立氧化損傷模型。
1.2.3亞硒酸鈉(Sodium seLenite,SS)的配制用超純水將亞硒酸鈉溶解,配置成1 mg/mL的亞硒酸鈉儲存液,分裝,-20 ℃ 保存。用無FBS的DMEM/F12培養液稀釋成各所需濃度,亞硒酸鈉的工作濃度為0.25、0.5、1.0 μg/mL,即用即配。
1.2.4試驗分組待細胞長至60%~70%融合狀態時,分為以下5個試驗組:(1)對照組1:換為無FBS的DMEM/F12培養液培養28 h;(2)對照組2:先用無FBS的DMEM/F12培養液培養24 h,再換為含100 μmol/L的H2O2培養液培養 4 h;(3)亞硒酸鈉處理組:用含不同濃度(0.25、0.5、1.0 μg/mL)亞硒酸鈉DMEM/F12培養基培養24 h,再用含100 μmol/L的H2O2培養液培養4 h。
1.2.5細胞活力檢測將細胞密度調整為1×107個/L接種于96孔板,培養24 h后吸棄原培養液,加入含不同濃度(0.25、0.5、1.0 μg/mL)的SS的DMEM/F12培養液,處理細胞24 h,吸棄原培養基,PBS洗滌。除對照組1外,其余各組均加入100 μmol/L的H2O2培養液,刺激細胞4 h,然后每孔加入20 μL 四甲基偶氮唑鹽(MTT,5 mg/mL),置于培養箱中孵育4 h,小心吸取上清液,每孔加入DMSO 150 μL,振蕩器上振蕩10 min,使紫色結晶甲瓚充分溶解,于490 nm處用酶標儀測定吸光度值(D)。各濃度組細胞存活率=各濃度組D490 nm值/不添加亞硒酸鈉組D490 nm×100%。endprint
1.2.6Hoechst33342/PI雙染色檢測細胞凋亡采用 Hoechst33342/PI 雙染色檢測DGMECs細胞凋亡。6孔培養板內,每孔接種1×107個細胞,用“1.2.4”試驗分組方法對細胞進行培養后,棄去上清,小心用磷酸鹽緩沖液(phosphate buffer solution,PBS)洗滌1次,每孔加入10 μg/mL的 Hoechst33342 染液1 mL,置于培養箱中37 ℃避光反應 20 min,棄上清,PBS洗滌3次,每孔再加入20 μg/mL的PI染液 1 mL,37 ℃避光反應15 min,PBS洗滌3次。染色完成后,置于熒光顯微鏡下,在波長為365 nm的紫外燈下觀察細胞凋亡情況。
1.2.7Giemsa染色蓋玻片經泡酸、高壓滅菌后,在超凈臺內自然晾干,小心放入6孔板內,制作細胞爬片。取對數生長期的DGMECs,離心,將細胞密度調整為2×105個/mL,用含10%FBS的DMEM/F12培養液重懸細胞,取100~200 μL細胞懸液接種于蓋玻片上,隔夜,向6孔板內加入足量的細胞培養液,培養24 h。對照組1:換為無FBS的DMEM/F12培養液培養28 h;對照組2:先用無FBS的DMEM/F12培養液培養24 h,再換為含100 μmol/L的H2O2培養液培養4 h;亞硒酸鈉處理組:用濃度為0.5 μg/mL的亞硒酸鈉DMEM/F12培養基培養24 h,再用含100 μmol/L的H2O2培養液培養4 h。結束培養后,用PBS洗滌3次,1.5%甲醛室溫下固定20 min,吸棄固定液,PBS洗滌3次,加入冰甲醛,室溫下透化20 min。小心取出蓋玻片,先用瑞氏-姬姆薩A液染色3~5 min,再將瑞氏-姬姆薩B液滴加于A液上面(滴加之量為A液的 2~3倍),以嘴或洗耳球吹出微風使液面產生漣漪狀,使兩液充分混合,染色15~20 min,以流水將染色液沖洗干凈。置于顯微鏡下觀察細胞的形態學變化。
1.2.8活性氧(ROS)的測定DGMECs接種于6孔培養板(1×107個/孔),待細胞長至60%~80%融合狀態時,用“124”試驗分組方法對細胞進行培養后,棄去上清,小心用PBS洗滌1次,加入20 μmol/L的DHE(Dihydroethidium) 1 mL,37 ℃ 孵育30 min,PBS洗滌細胞5次,以充分洗去未進入細胞的DHE。直接用熒光顯微鏡觀察紅色熒光強度。
1.2.9數據分析采用SPSS 17.0進行統計分析,方差分析多重比較檢驗數據差異性,顯著標準為P<0.05。試驗數據以“x±s”表示。
2結果
2.1亞硒酸鈉對氧化應激模型下DGMECs活力的影響
如圖2所示,DGMECs由H2O2處理后(對照組2),細胞活力為49.35%,加入各濃度亞硒酸鈉后,細胞活力有所上升,0.5 μg/mL處理組(76.28%)、1.0 μg/mL處理組(6595%),與對照組2(49.35%)相比,差異顯著(P<005),025 μg/mL處理組(54.45%)與對照組2(49.35%)無顯著性差異(P>0.05)。
2.2亞硒酸鈉對DGMECs氧化損傷凋亡的影響
由圖3可知,對照組2處理的細胞,細胞不僅出現了大面積固縮現象,且已經有少量的細胞出現了壞死現象。亞硒酸鈉保護組,細胞出現凋亡及壞死的比例相對于對照組2有所下降,但是0.25 μg/mL保護組,仍然有部分壞死細胞,說明該濃度對DGMECs的保護作用不明顯。1.0 μg/mL 保護組,經觀察,無壞死細胞出現,但是具有凋亡現象的細胞仍然大量存在。0.5 μg/mL保護組,細胞凋亡比例明顯減少,正常形態細胞多于除對照組1外的各組。故選擇0.5 μg/mL亞硒酸鈉進行后續試驗。
2.3Giemsa染色法觀察亞硒酸鈉對DGMECs的保護作用
由圖4可知,對照組2與對照組1相比,細胞核出現大面積固縮現象,發生凋亡的細胞及凋亡小體被染成深紫色;而 0.5 μg/mL 濃度的亞硒酸鈉保護組,細胞核固縮的比例下降,凋亡細胞數量減少。
2.4亞硒酸鈉對氧化損傷DGMECs的 ROS水平影響
DHE熒光染色結果顯示(圖5),對照組1僅見微弱的紅色熒光,而對照組2紅色熒光強度明顯加強,0.5 μg/mL亞硒酸鈉保護組紅色熒光強度較對照組2明顯下降。故DGMECs在0.5 μg/mL亞硒酸鈉的保護作用下,可以有效減少細胞內ROS含量。
3討論
在過去的十多年中,家畜普遍硒元素缺乏[20],后來人們開始在飼料中添加充足的硒元素[21],因為它可以顯著提高家畜的繁殖性能[22-26],但是,硒元素可以防止家畜繁殖障礙的生物化學機理到現在為止還不是很清楚。
硒作為一種微量元素,小劑量存在時,其對生物體是有益的,但是使用劑量過高,會有很強的毒性作用,甚至有致癌的可能性。硒元素臨界的作用劑量目前還沒有定論[27-29]。本試驗中,向培養液中添加了0.5 μg/mL亞硒酸鈉,有效地保護了DGMECs所受到的氧化應激,但是隨著濃度的增加,1.0 μg/mL 亞硒酸鈉開始表現出了對細胞的毒性作用,說明 0.5 μg/mL 亞硒酸鈉能夠提高DGMECs抵制氧化應激的能力,從而減少細胞的氧化損傷程度,提高其細胞活力。通過Hoechst/PI及Giemsa染色結果可知,亞硒酸鈉的加入,降低了細胞的凋亡率,推斷亞硒酸鈉對DGMECs發揮了相應的保護機制。
體外培養環境中的氧濃度要比體內環境中高一些,并且細胞在進行有氧代謝的過程中會產生自由基。硒許多的生物作用都歸因于其強大的抗氧化功能,包括直接消除ROS,消除金屬離子間的螯合作用,以及重組成Se-GPx抗氧化物。亞硒酸鈉通過降低活性氧以及抑制脂質過氧化來防止細胞受到傷害[30]。Yeo等在體外培養腦源性神經前體細胞(NPCs)的研究中發現硒可以防止細胞死亡,并且亞硒酸鈉可以抑制NPCs的H2O2誘導凋亡[31]。本研究中,采用DHE染色法檢測DGMECs內ROS含量,結果顯示0.5 μg/mL亞硒酸鈉可以有效地降低細胞內活性氧含量,以減少ROS對細胞帶來的損傷。所以,亞硒酸鈉作為抗氧化劑來發揮其抗氧化作用,能夠有效地抑制細胞在體外培養過程中的氧化應激環境,從而減少DGMECs所受到的氧化損傷。endprint
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[26]Miyazaki T,Sueoka K,Dharmarajan AM,et al. Effect of inhibition of oxygen free radical on ovulation and progesterone production by the in-vitro perfused rabbit ovary[J]. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility,1991,91(1):207-212.
[27]Bronzetti G,della Croce C. Selenium:its important roles in life and contrasting aspects[J]. Journal of Environmental Pathology,Toxicology and Oncology:1993,12(2):59-71.
[28]Von Borstel RC,Higgins JA. Janus carcinogens and mutagens[J]. Mutation Research-fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis,1998,402(1/2):321-329.
[29]Oldfield J E. The two faces of selenium[J]. The Journal of Nutrition,1987,117(12):2002-2008.
[30]Ebert R,Ulmer M,Zeck S,et al. Selenium supplementation restores the antioxidative capacity and prevents cell damage in bone marrow stromal cells in vitro[J]. Stem Cells,2006,24(5):1226-1235.
[31]Yeo J E,Kang S K. Selenium effectively inhibits ROS-mediated apoptotic neural precursor cell death in vitro and in vivo in traumatic brain injury[J]. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta,2007,1772(11/12):1199-1210.endprint
[14]Ebert R,Ulmer M,Zeck S,et al. Selenium supplementation restores the antioxidative capacity and prevents cell damage in bone marrow stromal cells in vitro[J]. Stem Cells,2006,24(5):1226-1235.
[15]Saito Y,Yoshida Y,Akazawa T,et al. Cell death caused by selenium deficiency and protective effect of antioxidants[J]. Journal of Biological Chemistry,2003,278(41):39428-39434.
[16]Zhang J,Robinson D,Salmon P. A novel function for selenium in biological system:selenite as a highly effective iron carrier for Chinese hamster ovary cell growth and monoclonal antibody production[J]. Biotechnology and Bioengineering,2006,95(6):1188-1197.
[17]Tatemoto H,Muto N,Sunagawa I,et al. Protection of porcine oocytes against cell damage caused by oxidative stress during in vitro maturation:role of superoxide dismutase activity in porcine follicular fluid[J]. Biology of Reproduction,2004,71(4):1150-1157.
[18]Gopalakrishna R,Chen Z H,Gundimeda U. Selenocompounds induce a redox modulation of protein kinase C in the cell,compartmentally independent from cytosolic glutathione:its role in inhibition of tumor promotion[J]. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics,1997,348(1):37-48.
[19]孫婧陶,李兆華,張寶修,等. 過氧化氫誘導延邊奶山羊乳腺上皮細胞氧化損傷模型的建立[J]. 江蘇農業科學,2013,41(10):149-152.
[20]Smith K L,Hogan J S,Conrad H R. Selenium in dairy cattle:its role in disease resistance[J]. Veterinary Medicine,1988,83:72-78.
[21]Hansen JC,Deguchi Y. Selenium and fertility in animals and man—a review[J]. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica,1996,37(1):19-30.
[22]Harrison J H,Hancock D D,Conrad H R. Vitamin E and selenium for reproduction of the dairy cow1,2[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,1984,67(1):123-132.
[23]Barrington J W,Lindsay P,James D,et al. Selenium deficiency and miscarriage:a possible link?[J]. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology,1996,103(2):130-132.
[24]Euybov I Z,Shirinov N M,Rzaev R I. Effect of selenium on reproductive organs and fertility of animals[J]. Trud Azerbaizh Nauch Inst Vet,1983,28:103-105.
[25]Aitken RJ,Clarkson JS,Hargreave TB,et al. Analysis of the relationship between defective sperm function and the generation of reactive oxygen species in cases of oligozoospermia[J]. Journal of Andrology,1989,10(3):214-220.
[26]Miyazaki T,Sueoka K,Dharmarajan AM,et al. Effect of inhibition of oxygen free radical on ovulation and progesterone production by the in-vitro perfused rabbit ovary[J]. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility,1991,91(1):207-212.
[27]Bronzetti G,della Croce C. Selenium:its important roles in life and contrasting aspects[J]. Journal of Environmental Pathology,Toxicology and Oncology:1993,12(2):59-71.
[28]Von Borstel RC,Higgins JA. Janus carcinogens and mutagens[J]. Mutation Research-fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis,1998,402(1/2):321-329.
[29]Oldfield J E. The two faces of selenium[J]. The Journal of Nutrition,1987,117(12):2002-2008.
[30]Ebert R,Ulmer M,Zeck S,et al. Selenium supplementation restores the antioxidative capacity and prevents cell damage in bone marrow stromal cells in vitro[J]. Stem Cells,2006,24(5):1226-1235.
[31]Yeo J E,Kang S K. Selenium effectively inhibits ROS-mediated apoptotic neural precursor cell death in vitro and in vivo in traumatic brain injury[J]. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta,2007,1772(11/12):1199-1210.endprint
[14]Ebert R,Ulmer M,Zeck S,et al. Selenium supplementation restores the antioxidative capacity and prevents cell damage in bone marrow stromal cells in vitro[J]. Stem Cells,2006,24(5):1226-1235.
[15]Saito Y,Yoshida Y,Akazawa T,et al. Cell death caused by selenium deficiency and protective effect of antioxidants[J]. Journal of Biological Chemistry,2003,278(41):39428-39434.
[16]Zhang J,Robinson D,Salmon P. A novel function for selenium in biological system:selenite as a highly effective iron carrier for Chinese hamster ovary cell growth and monoclonal antibody production[J]. Biotechnology and Bioengineering,2006,95(6):1188-1197.
[17]Tatemoto H,Muto N,Sunagawa I,et al. Protection of porcine oocytes against cell damage caused by oxidative stress during in vitro maturation:role of superoxide dismutase activity in porcine follicular fluid[J]. Biology of Reproduction,2004,71(4):1150-1157.
[18]Gopalakrishna R,Chen Z H,Gundimeda U. Selenocompounds induce a redox modulation of protein kinase C in the cell,compartmentally independent from cytosolic glutathione:its role in inhibition of tumor promotion[J]. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics,1997,348(1):37-48.
[19]孫婧陶,李兆華,張寶修,等. 過氧化氫誘導延邊奶山羊乳腺上皮細胞氧化損傷模型的建立[J]. 江蘇農業科學,2013,41(10):149-152.
[20]Smith K L,Hogan J S,Conrad H R. Selenium in dairy cattle:its role in disease resistance[J]. Veterinary Medicine,1988,83:72-78.
[21]Hansen JC,Deguchi Y. Selenium and fertility in animals and man—a review[J]. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica,1996,37(1):19-30.
[22]Harrison J H,Hancock D D,Conrad H R. Vitamin E and selenium for reproduction of the dairy cow1,2[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,1984,67(1):123-132.
[23]Barrington J W,Lindsay P,James D,et al. Selenium deficiency and miscarriage:a possible link?[J]. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology,1996,103(2):130-132.
[24]Euybov I Z,Shirinov N M,Rzaev R I. Effect of selenium on reproductive organs and fertility of animals[J]. Trud Azerbaizh Nauch Inst Vet,1983,28:103-105.
[25]Aitken RJ,Clarkson JS,Hargreave TB,et al. Analysis of the relationship between defective sperm function and the generation of reactive oxygen species in cases of oligozoospermia[J]. Journal of Andrology,1989,10(3):214-220.
[26]Miyazaki T,Sueoka K,Dharmarajan AM,et al. Effect of inhibition of oxygen free radical on ovulation and progesterone production by the in-vitro perfused rabbit ovary[J]. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility,1991,91(1):207-212.
[27]Bronzetti G,della Croce C. Selenium:its important roles in life and contrasting aspects[J]. Journal of Environmental Pathology,Toxicology and Oncology:1993,12(2):59-71.
[28]Von Borstel RC,Higgins JA. Janus carcinogens and mutagens[J]. Mutation Research-fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis,1998,402(1/2):321-329.
[29]Oldfield J E. The two faces of selenium[J]. The Journal of Nutrition,1987,117(12):2002-2008.
[30]Ebert R,Ulmer M,Zeck S,et al. Selenium supplementation restores the antioxidative capacity and prevents cell damage in bone marrow stromal cells in vitro[J]. Stem Cells,2006,24(5):1226-1235.
[31]Yeo J E,Kang S K. Selenium effectively inhibits ROS-mediated apoptotic neural precursor cell death in vitro and in vivo in traumatic brain injury[J]. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta,2007,1772(11/12):1199-1210.endprint