吳婷+李蘭+王洪武+寧琴
華中科技大學同濟醫學院附屬同濟醫院感染性疾病研究室、感染科,湖北武漢430030
[摘要]目的 探討TLR4對3型鼠肝炎病毒(MHV-3)誘導的C3H/He小鼠肝炎轉歸的影響。 方法 觀察C3H/HeJ及C3H/HeN小鼠感染MHV-3后的臨床癥狀(皮毛異常、呼吸加快及身體顫抖)并進行評分。記錄兩亞系小鼠的存活情況并進行比較。所有小鼠觀察至感染后40d。 結果 小鼠品系對臨床癥狀評分不起作用(P=0.718)。臨床評分有隨時間變化的趨勢(P<0.001),且時間因素的作用隨小鼠品系而不同(P=0.004)。C3H/HeJ及C3H/HeN小鼠臨床癥狀評分僅在感染后第5、6、13天出現差異:(13.071±1.184)和(10.933±4.608) (P<0.001),(8.321±5.048)和(11.304±3.901) (P<0.001),(13.091±1.578)和(10.846±3.671)(P=0.015)。C3H/HeJ及C3H/HeN小鼠存活率分別為26.7%和23.3%,平均存活時間分別為16.267d和16.433d,無顯著差異(P=0.922)。 結論 MHV-3誘導的C3H/He小鼠病毒性肝炎轉歸不依賴于TLR4。
[關鍵詞] 3型鼠肝炎病毒;TLR4;C3H/HeN小鼠;C3H/HeJ小鼠
[中圖分類號] R575.1???[文獻標識碼] A???[文章編號] 2095-0616(2014)11-26-05
The Effect of TLR4 on the outcomes of MHV-3 induced viral hepatitis for C3H/He mice
WU?Ting??LI?Lan??WANG?Hongwu??NING?Qin
Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
[Abstract] Objective To explore the effect of TLR4 on the outcomes of mouse hepatitis virus-3 (MHV-3) induced hepatitis for C3H/He mice. Methods Clinical symptoms (abnormalities of skin and fur, accelerated breathing and tremor) of C3H/HeJ mice and C3H/HeN mice infected with MHV-3 were observed and scored. Survival of the two mice substrains was recorded and compared. The observation of all mice lasted for 40 days after the infection. Results Different mice substrains did not affect the scores of clinical symptoms (P=0.718). The scores varied according to time (P<0.001), and the effect of time varied according to different mice substrains (P=0.004). The scores of clinical symptoms in C3H/HeJ mice and C3H/HeN mice only differed on the fifth, sixth and 13th day of the infection: (13.071±1.184) and (10.933±4.608)(P<0.001), (8.321±5.048) and (11.304±3.901) (P<0.001), (13.091±1.578) and (10.846±3.671)(P=0.015) respectively. The survival rate of C3H/HeJ mice and C3H/HeN mice was 26.7% and 23.3% respectively, the average survival time was 16.267 days and 16.433 days, and there was no significant difference (P=0.922). Conclusion Outcomes of MHV-3 induced viral hepatitis for C3H/He mice is not affected by TLR4.
[Key words] Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV-3); TLR4; C3H/HeN mice; C3H/HeJ mice
TLR4是一種重要的模式識別受體,參與了機體針對多種病原體的天然免疫。早期研究認為TLR4主要是識別革蘭陰性菌胞壁內毒素的主要成份脂多糖(LPS),隨著研究的深入,人們發現TLR4還可以識別病毒蛋白,參與抗病毒免疫應答[1]。目前的研究已經顯示,TLR4與HCV及HBV相互作
用,促進病毒的復制與擴散,引起組織炎癥,繼而增加罹患肝纖維化/肝硬化的風險[2-7]。鼠肝炎病毒(MHV)是一種廣泛存在的冠狀病毒,可以在小鼠中引起病毒性肝炎,目前尚無研究報道MHV-3病毒蛋白可以與TLR4相互作用。本實驗室采用3型鼠肝炎病毒(MHV-3)腹腔注射C3H/HeJ小鼠建立了肝炎病毒持續感染的模型[8]。C3H/HeJ小鼠的TLR4基因存在自發性突變,導致該小鼠TLR4缺陷而對LPS無反應[9-11],但該小鼠其他遺傳背景均與TLR4正常表達的C3H/HeN小鼠相同。本研究采
表1??小鼠感染MHV-3后臨床癥狀評分
評分 皮毛質地 呼吸 身體顫抖
5 光澤柔順 約200次/min 正常,無顫抖
4 無光澤,較柔順 約230次/min 身體略有顫抖
3 無光澤,豎毛 230~260次/min 較明顯顫抖,拱背,靜止懶動
2 豎毛,粘連 超過260次/min 較明顯顫抖,拱背,爬行緩慢
1 豎毛,粘連,潮濕 超過260次/min,伴有胸腹部舒縮 明顯顫抖,拱背,基本不能行動
用C3H/HeJ及C3H/HeN兩種亞系小鼠建立病毒性肝炎模型,觀察并比較兩種亞系小鼠的臨床癥狀及存活情況,探討TLR4對MHV-3誘導的C3H/He小鼠病毒性肝炎的影響。
1?材料與方法
1.1?實驗動物
6~7周齡雌性C3H/HeJ 40只,購自北京華阜康動物生物科技股份有限公司,許可證號SCXK京2009-0004,6~7周齡雌性C3H/HeN 40只,購自北京維通利華實驗動物技術有限公司,許可證號SCXK京2012-0001。所有小鼠飼養于IVC系統。在12/12h晝夜循環、恒溫恒濕條件下自由攝取食水,飼養1周后開始試驗。
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1.2?病毒株
MHV-3為本研究室保存病毒株,在DBT細胞系空斑純化后于鼠17CL1細胞系繁殖培養,鼠L2細胞系蝕斑純化和滴度測定。本研究所用MHV-3滴度為1.0×106 PFU/mL。
1.3?動物模型的建立
隨機取C3H/HeJ及C3H/HeN小鼠各30只,腹腔注射 100μL MHV-3(0.1 PFU/μL),另取C3H/HeJ及C3H/HeN小鼠各10只,注射100μL 無菌PBS作為對照。注射后的小鼠,繼續飼養于IVC系統。在12/12h晝夜循環、恒溫恒濕條件下自由攝取食水。
1.4?小鼠生存狀態觀察
每天觀察小鼠生理狀況及死亡情況,并對每只存活小鼠皮毛、呼吸及身體顫抖三項特征進行評分[12]。正常狀態記為5分,狀態明顯異常記為1分,綜合評分滿分為15分,見表1。計算每組存活小鼠的平均得分,已死亡小鼠不參與計分。兩組小鼠均觀察至感染后40d。
1.5?統計學分析
應用Sigma Plot12.0統計軟件包進行資料分析,臨床癥狀評分采用重復測量數據的方差分析進行比較,生存率的比較采用Kaplan-Meier生存分析,P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。
2?結果
2.1?一般情況
C3H/HeJ及C3H/HeN小鼠均于感染后3d開始一般狀態變差,精神萎靡,毛發無光澤,感染2周內,小鼠癥狀明顯,可見毛發豎直粘連,呼吸加快,顫抖拱背,肢體無力,行動遲緩,并出現死亡,臨床癥狀綜合評分均出現明顯下降,感染2周后臨床癥狀開始緩解,小鼠狀態均明顯好轉,感染3周后,存活小鼠狀態基本恢復,綜合評分接近正常水平,見圖1。注射PBS的對照小鼠,均未出現臨床癥狀。
采用重復測量數據的方差分析進行統計,小鼠品系因素對臨床癥狀評分不起作用,臨床評分有隨時間變化的趨勢,且時間因素的作用隨小鼠品系而不同,見表2。C3H/HeJ小鼠在感染后第4天,臨床癥狀評分為(13.267±2.791),較正常水平顯著下降(P=0.014);感染后第25天,臨床癥狀綜合評分(14.500±0.535),與正常水平無差異(P=0.077)。而C3H/HeN小鼠在感染后第5天,臨床癥狀評分為(10.933±4.608),較正常水平顯著下降 (P<0.001);感染后第22天,臨床癥狀綜合評分(14.429±0.535),與正常水平無差異(P=0.076)。在感染后第5、6、13天,C3H/HeJ小鼠綜合評分依次為(13.071±1.184)、(8.321±5.048)、(13.091±1.578),C3H/HeN小鼠綜合評分依次為(10.933±4.608)、(11.304±3.901)、(10.846±3.671),兩亞系小鼠綜合評分有統計學差異(P<0.001,P<0.001,P=0.015),其他時間點兩亞系小鼠綜合評分無顯著差異。
圖1??MHV-3 感染后C3H/HeJ及C3H/HeN小鼠臨床癥狀綜合評分
圖中數據為各時間點存活小鼠皮毛、呼吸及身體顫抖三項指標綜合評分的平均值。
表2??小鼠個體變異計算結果
Source of Variation DF SS MS F P
Sub-strain 1 0.828 0.828 0.131 0.718
Days 39 2195.628 56.298 15.987 <0.001
Sub-strain x days 39 236.517 6.065 1.722 0.004
2.2?存活率及平均存活時間
C3H/HeJ及C3H/HeN小鼠分別于感染第4、5天開始出現死亡;感染5~6d為死亡高峰,兩組小鼠均有近一半的死亡出現在這一段時期;在感染后12~14d,兩組感染小鼠再次出現比較集中的死亡;感染20d后,小鼠狀態基本穩定,至感染后40d未再出現死亡。C3H/HeJ及C3H/HeN小鼠存活率分別為26.7%和23.3%,平均存活時間(mean survival time, MST)分別為16.267d和16.433d,差異無統計學意義(P=0.922)。死亡情況及生存率曲線分別見表3及圖2。注射PBS的對照小鼠,均未出現死亡。
表3??C3H/HeJ及C3H/HeN小鼠感染MHV-3后死亡情況
感染后
天數 死亡數量(只) 存活概率(%)
C3H/HeJ C3H/HeN C3H/HeJ C3H/HeN
Day 4 2 - 93.9 -
Day 5 - 7 - 76.6
Day 6 13 4 50.0 63.3
Day 8 2 - 43.3 -
Day 9 - 1 - 60.0
Day 10 - 1 - 56.7
Day 11 - 1 - 53.3
Day 12 2 3 36.7 43.4
Day 13 - 2 - 36.7
Day 14 3 3 26.7 26.7
Day 20 - 1 - 23.3
圖2??MHV-3 感染后C3H/HeJ及C3H/HeN小鼠生存曲線圖
3?討論
TLR4廣泛分布于免疫細胞及組織細胞表面,并能利用四種轉接分子MyD88(myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88)、MAL(MyD88 adaptor like protein,MAL)、TIRAP(TIR associated protein,TIRAP)、TRIF (TIR domain containing adaptor protein inducing IFN-β)和TRAM(TRIF related adaptor molecule)傳遞信號級聯反應,激活NF-КB、AP-1及IRF3等轉錄因子,誘導IFN-γ、IFN-β、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-12、IL-18、TNF-α等多種細胞因子的表達,具有多種生物學效應[13]。
近幾年,TLR4在病毒性肝炎中的作用引起了人們的廣泛興趣。研究發現,HCV的非結構蛋白NS5A能特異性上調肝細胞和B細胞的TLR4的表達,增強細胞分泌IFN-β和IL-6的功能,誘導了抗病毒效應和炎癥反應[2,14]。NS5A亦可與MyD88的死亡結構域結合,干擾髓樣樹突狀細胞和巨噬細胞TLR4信號通路傳導,抑制TLR4配體介導的細胞因子的產生,促進了HCV的持續感染[3-4,15]。而在HBV感染者中,Kupffer細胞TLR4下游TRIF信號通路激活,可以誘導干擾素的產生與分泌而抑制病毒復制[16-17]。但患者PBMC中TLR4的表達往往是下降的[6],這可能是引起HBV持續復制的機制之一。
本實驗室建立的MHV-3誘導的肝炎病毒持續感染C3H/He小鼠模型,在6~15d內出現急性肝炎的表現,并引起死亡,存活小鼠轉為持續感染,對其急性肝炎向慢性化衍變期的免疫狀態及病毒復制情況進行研究,是探討病毒性肝炎慢性遷延的免疫機制的有力工具[8]。本研究中,TLR4缺陷的C3H/HeJ小鼠和TLR4正常的C3H/HeN小鼠在感染MHV-3后,臨床癥狀變化時間基本一致:分別于感染后第4、5天出現臨床癥狀綜合評分顯著下降,并分別于感染后第25、22天恢復至正常水平。兩亞系小鼠出現集中死亡的時間點略有差異,C3H/HeJ小鼠在感染后第5天,而C3H/HeN小鼠在感染后第6天。死亡時間點的差異,導致了在感染后第5、6、13天,兩亞系小鼠臨床評分的差異。但兩亞系小鼠死亡時間點非常接近,小鼠存活率及平均存活時間并未出現統計學差異。本研究結果提示,TLR4并不會影響MHV-3誘導的C3H/He小鼠病毒性肝炎的轉歸。這與早期的研究結論一致,不同小鼠品系對MHV病毒的敏感性主要與MHV受體相關[18],同時也提示TLR4在MHV-3感染引起的宿主免疫應答中可能并不發揮主要作用。
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雖然臨床癥狀和一定的死亡率是MHV-3誘導的肝炎病毒持續感染C3H/He小鼠模型的重要特征,但這僅是MHV-3感染后引起的病理生理改變的一個方面。還需要進一步的研究,來比較兩種亞系小鼠感染后細胞因子譜、肝臟病理、血清生化學指標以及肝內病毒復制水平等多個方面的改變,甚至與其他多種C3H/He亞系小鼠或基因敲除小鼠進行比較,才能明確TLR4是否在MHV-3感染引起的宿主免疫應答中發揮作用[7]。
本研究作為MHV-3誘導的肝炎病毒持續感染C3H/He小鼠模型的補充,其意義并不僅僅在于探討TLR4在MHV-3感染中的作用。隨著生活水平的提高和生活模式的轉變,我國病毒性肝炎合并酒精性肝?。╝lcoholic liver disease, ALD)或非酒精性脂肪性肝?。╪on-alcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD)的發病率逐步上升。已有研究證實,TLR4參與了ALD和NAFLD,以及HCV感染合并ALD引起的肝臟損傷[5, 14, 19-20]。采用TLR4正常的C3H/HeN小鼠替代TLR4缺陷的C3H/HeJ小鼠建立MHV-3誘導的肝炎病毒持續感染模型,可以為建立病毒性肝炎合并ALD/NAFLD動物模型奠定基礎,對進行病毒性肝炎合并ALD/NAFLD的免疫學機制研究具有重要意義。
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[19] Mandrekar P,Szabo G.Signalling pathways in alcohol-induced liver inflammation[J]. Journal of Hepatology,2009,50(6):1258-1266.
[20] Spruss A,Kanuri G,Wagnerberger S,et al.Toll-like receptor 4 is involved in the development of fructose-induced hepatic steatosis in mice[J].Hepatology,2009,50(4):1094-1104.
(收稿日期:2014-04-04)
endprint
[14] Machida K,Tsukamoto H,Mkrtchyan H,et al.Toll-like receptor 4 mediates synergism between alcohol and HCV in hepatic oncogenesis involving stem cell marker Nanog[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2009,106(5):1548-1553.
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(上接第頁)
[17] Wu J,Lu M,Meng Z,et al.Toll-like receptor-mediated control of HBV replication by nonparenchymal liver cells in mice[J].Hepatology,2007,46(6):1769-1778.
[18] Ohtsuka N,Taguchi F. Mouse susceptibility to mouse hepatitis virus infection is linked to viral receptor genotype[J]. Journal of Virology,1997,71(11):8860-8863.
[19] Mandrekar P,Szabo G.Signalling pathways in alcohol-induced liver inflammation[J]. Journal of Hepatology,2009,50(6):1258-1266.
[20] Spruss A,Kanuri G,Wagnerberger S,et al.Toll-like receptor 4 is involved in the development of fructose-induced hepatic steatosis in mice[J].Hepatology,2009,50(4):1094-1104.
(收稿日期:2014-04-04)
endprint