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淺析人口老齡化對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的影響

2014-12-13 16:01:14武康平倪宣明殷俊茹
中國人口·資源與環(huán)境 2014年12期

武康平++倪宣明++殷俊茹

摘要隨著我國步入老齡化社會(huì),對(duì)老齡化問題的研究顯得極為迫切和必要。本文主要在最優(yōu)增長理論的框架下研究老齡經(jīng)濟(jì),首先從學(xué)術(shù)角度給出老齡化率的定義,討論老齡化率對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長和社會(huì)福利的影響,建立含老齡化率的RCK模型。此時(shí)平衡增長路徑出現(xiàn)三種基本情形:老齡經(jīng)濟(jì)、常態(tài)經(jīng)濟(jì)與娃娃經(jīng)濟(jì),但老齡經(jīng)濟(jì)情形會(huì)導(dǎo)致經(jīng)濟(jì)萎縮。為了使處于平衡增長路徑中的經(jīng)濟(jì)系統(tǒng)能夠容許老齡經(jīng)濟(jì)存在,本文引入技術(shù)進(jìn)步率。在修正的RCK模型中,即使老齡化率存在,只要技術(shù)進(jìn)步率高于老齡化率,老齡化帶來的額外負(fù)擔(dān)就能夠被技術(shù)進(jìn)步吸收,經(jīng)濟(jì)系統(tǒng)能夠容許老齡經(jīng)濟(jì)存在,但與不考慮老齡化率的經(jīng)濟(jì)系統(tǒng)相比,平衡增長路徑中的人均產(chǎn)出增長率相對(duì)較低。解決老齡化問題離不開政府的參與,政府發(fā)揮著不可或缺的作用,因此本文最后討論政府對(duì)老齡經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響。政府應(yīng)積極發(fā)展老齡經(jīng)濟(jì)服務(wù)業(yè),使得政府支出對(duì)家庭的效用函數(shù)發(fā)揮積極作用。積極發(fā)展老齡經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)業(yè),使得政府支出對(duì)廠商的生產(chǎn)函數(shù)發(fā)揮積極作用。同時(shí),努力使得政府支出對(duì)技術(shù)進(jìn)步發(fā)揮積極作用。在一定條件下,與無政府的經(jīng)濟(jì)系統(tǒng)相比,平衡增長路徑中的人均產(chǎn)出增長率與社會(huì)福利可能會(huì)更高。

關(guān)鍵詞 老齡化率;老齡經(jīng)濟(jì);平衡增長路徑;社會(huì)福利

中圖分類號(hào)F061.4文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼A文章編號(hào)1002-2104(2014)12-0103-06doi:103969/jissn1002-2104201412014

老齡化指總?cè)丝谥心贻p人比例降低而老年人口比例上升的態(tài)勢。國際上,通常認(rèn)為當(dāng)一個(gè)國家或地區(qū)60歲以上老年人口占人口總數(shù)的10%,或者65歲以上老年人口占人口總數(shù)的7%,這個(gè)國家或地區(qū)將進(jìn)入老齡化社會(huì)。根據(jù)2011年公布的第六次全國人口普查結(jié)果,“60歲及以上人口占13.26%,比2000年人口普查上升2.93個(gè)百分點(diǎn),其中65歲及以上人口占8.87%”,表明我國也已步入老齡化社會(huì),而老齡化進(jìn)程逐步加快,因此解決老齡化問題十分迫切。黨的十八大報(bào)告明確指出“積極應(yīng)對(duì)人口老齡化,大力發(fā)展老齡服務(wù)事業(yè)和產(chǎn)業(yè)”。

老齡化問題的形成原因是多種多樣的,但離不開人口的過快增長。新中國建立后,先后出現(xiàn)了三次“嬰兒潮”。建國后,政府鼓勵(lì)生育,引發(fā)了第一次“嬰兒潮”,人口增長率接近300%,但由于經(jīng)歷戰(zhàn)爭等因素,人口基數(shù)少,絕對(duì)規(guī)模并不大。第二次“嬰兒潮”始于1962年,高峰在1965年,并一直持續(xù)到1973年,人口出生率平均高達(dá)3.3%,10年人口出生近2.6億人。這兩次“嬰兒潮”的群體已經(jīng)或正在進(jìn)入老齡群體,而且第二次“嬰兒潮”將會(huì)使老齡化問題在未來幾年進(jìn)一步加劇,對(duì)我國經(jīng)濟(jì)影響深遠(yuǎn)。第三次“嬰兒潮”是由第二次引發(fā)的,主要發(fā)生在1986-1990年間,由于實(shí)行計(jì)劃生育政策,人口規(guī)模不如第二次增加得多。

基于這一經(jīng)濟(jì)事實(shí),本文在最優(yōu)增長理論RCK模型的框架下研究老齡化問題。本文結(jié)構(gòu)安排如下:第一部分為相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)的研究綜述;第二部分給出模型所需的基本假設(shè),并建立含老齡化率的RCK模型;第三部分引入技術(shù)進(jìn)步率進(jìn)一步討論老齡經(jīng)濟(jì);第四部分討論政府對(duì)老齡經(jīng)濟(jì)的作用;第五部分是本文的結(jié)論。

1相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)研究綜述

最優(yōu)增長理論的奠基性工作由Ramsey[1]完成,Cass[2]和Koopman[3]發(fā)展和完善該模型,一般稱為RamseyCassKoopman模型,簡稱為RCK模型,它是分析宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)很好的基點(diǎn),后續(xù)研究中不斷對(duì)RCK模型進(jìn)行拓展。Sidrauski[4]在RCK模型中考慮貨幣政策,指出貨幣供應(yīng)增加不影響長期的資本積累與消費(fèi)水平,僅影響消費(fèi)者的貨幣持有量,即貨幣政策超中性。Judd[5]借助Laplace變換,分析連續(xù)時(shí)間下參數(shù)改變對(duì)內(nèi)生變量的短期影響與長期影響分析方法。Barro[6]將政府支出引入效用函數(shù)和生產(chǎn)函數(shù),討論最優(yōu)稅收,并比較極大化經(jīng)濟(jì)增長和極大化社會(huì)福利這兩種情形下的最優(yōu)稅收政策。

由于經(jīng)典的RCK模型假設(shè)代表性家庭及代表性消費(fèi)者是永遠(yuǎn)存在的,Samuelson[7]首先放寬這一假設(shè),人只生活兩期,即年輕人和年老人,在此基礎(chǔ)上討論貨幣對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的作用。Diamond[8]在兩期假設(shè)的基礎(chǔ)上提出了世代交疊模型。Blanchard和Olivier [9]引入死亡率假設(shè),由于存在一定的死亡概率,因此放寬了永遠(yuǎn)存在的這一假設(shè)。但是,這些模型都沒有刻畫出年齡結(jié)構(gòu)的變化,沒有引入老齡化這一因素。此外,經(jīng)典的最優(yōu)增長理論中一般假設(shè)“勞動(dòng)人口占總?cè)丝诒壤秊槌?shù)”,即勞動(dòng)參與率為常數(shù),Solow[10]認(rèn)為勞動(dòng)參與率是資本積累的函數(shù),但并不影響經(jīng)濟(jì)系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定,因此勞動(dòng)參與率在最優(yōu)增長理論中的研究被長期忽略。本文正是放寬這一假設(shè),試圖引入老齡化率這一變量,來研究老齡化對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的影響。

武康平等:淺析人口老齡化對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的影響中國人口·資源與環(huán)境2014年第12期2含老齡化率的RCK模型

2.1模型基本假設(shè)

4.2政策建議

從前面的分析可知,政府可以從以下三個(gè)方面對(duì)老齡經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)揮積極的作用。

首先,積極發(fā)展老齡經(jīng)濟(jì)服務(wù)業(yè),使得政府支出對(duì)家庭的效用函數(shù)發(fā)揮積極作用。例如,政府可以完善老年社會(huì)管理服務(wù),廣泛開展老年文化教育,加快老年社會(huì)服務(wù)的信息系統(tǒng)建設(shè)等,這樣可以直接增加社會(huì)福利。

其次,積極發(fā)展老齡經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)業(yè),使得政府支出對(duì)廠商的生產(chǎn)函數(shù)發(fā)揮積極作用。例如,政府可以不斷完善老齡經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)業(yè)相關(guān)的法律法規(guī)建設(shè),提升老齡經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)業(yè)的競爭環(huán)境,引導(dǎo)民間資本參與,使得市場有序競爭,形成老齡產(chǎn)品的多層次供給體系,同時(shí)避免老齡產(chǎn)業(yè)資源的浪費(fèi),這與黨的十八屆三中全會(huì)強(qiáng)調(diào)的“核心問題是處理好政府和市場的關(guān)系,使市場在資源配置中起決定性作用和更好發(fā)揮政府作用”的精神是一致的。

最后,努力使得政府支出對(duì)技術(shù)進(jìn)步率發(fā)揮積極作用。從前面的分析可知,技術(shù)進(jìn)步率是決定人均產(chǎn)出的最關(guān)鍵因素,因此,若政府支出能夠?qū)夹g(shù)進(jìn)步率產(chǎn)生正向作用,顯然能夠提高平衡增長路徑中人均產(chǎn)出的增長率。例如,政府可以利用稅收減免優(yōu)惠、專項(xiàng)補(bǔ)貼等政策引導(dǎo)企業(yè)積極進(jìn)行自主創(chuàng)新,從而提高整個(gè)老齡經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)業(yè)的生產(chǎn)力。

5結(jié)論

本文首先從學(xué)術(shù)角度嘗試給出老齡化率的定義,在最優(yōu)增長理論RCK模型的框架下討論老齡化率對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長和社會(huì)福利的影響,給出含老齡化率的RCK模型。此時(shí)平衡增長路徑存在三種基本情形:老齡經(jīng)濟(jì)、常態(tài)經(jīng)濟(jì)與娃娃經(jīng)濟(jì),但此時(shí)老齡經(jīng)濟(jì)情形會(huì)導(dǎo)致經(jīng)濟(jì)萎縮。

為了使處于平衡增長路徑的經(jīng)濟(jì)系統(tǒng)容許老齡經(jīng)濟(jì)的存在,本文引入技術(shù)進(jìn)步率。在修正的RCK模型中,即使老齡化率存在,只要技術(shù)進(jìn)步率高于老齡化率,老齡化帶來的額外負(fù)擔(dān)就能夠被技術(shù)進(jìn)步吸收,經(jīng)濟(jì)系統(tǒng)就能夠容許老齡經(jīng)濟(jì)存在,但與不考慮老齡化率的經(jīng)濟(jì)系統(tǒng)相比,平衡增長路徑中的人均產(chǎn)出增長率相對(duì)較低。

政府在老齡經(jīng)濟(jì)系統(tǒng)中發(fā)揮著不可或缺的作用,因此本文最后討論了政府對(duì)老齡經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響。應(yīng)積極發(fā)展老齡經(jīng)濟(jì)服務(wù)業(yè),使得政府支出對(duì)家庭的效用函數(shù)發(fā)揮積極作用。積極發(fā)展老齡經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)業(yè),使得政府支出對(duì)廠商的生產(chǎn)函數(shù)發(fā)揮積極作用。同時(shí),努力使得政府支出對(duì)技術(shù)進(jìn)步率發(fā)揮積極作用。在一定條件下,與無政府的經(jīng)濟(jì)系統(tǒng)相比,平衡增長路徑中的人均產(chǎn)出增長率與社會(huì)福利能夠更高。

(編輯:常勇)

參考文獻(xiàn)(References)

[1]Ramsey F P. A Mathematical Theory of Saving[J]. The Economic Journal,1928, 38(152):543-559.

[2]Cass D. Optimum Growth in an Aggregative Model of Capital Accumulation[J]. The Review of Economic Studies, 1965, 32(3):233-240.

[3]Koopmans T C. On the Concept of Optimal Economic Growth[M]. The Econometric Approach to Development Planning, 1965, Amsterdam: North Holland.

[4]Sidrauski M. Rational Choice and Patterns of Growth in a Monetary Economy[J]. American Economic Review, 1967, 57(2):534-44.

[5]Judd K. An Alternatives to Steadystate Comparisons in Perfect Foresight Models[J]. Economics Letters, 1982, 10(1): 55-59.

[6]Barro R J. Government Spending in a Simple Model of Endogenous Growth[J]. Journal of Political Economy, 1990, 98(5):103-125.

[7]Samuelson P A. An Exact ConsumptionLoan Model of Interest with or without the Social Contrivance of Money[J]. Journal of Political Economy, 1958, 66(6):467-482.

[8]Diamond P. National Debt in a Neoclassical Growth Model[J]. American Economic Review, 1965, 55(5):1126-1150.

[9]Blanchard O J. Debt, Deficits, and Finite Horizons[J]. Journal of Political Economy, 1985, 93(2):223-247.

[10]Solow R M. A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth[J]. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1956, 70(1):65-94.

Influence of Population Aging on the Economic Development

WU KangpingNI XuanmingYIN Junru

(School of Economics and Management, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China)

AbstractAs our country is stepping into aging society, the study of the aging problem is extremely urgent and necessary. The paper studies this problem on the framework of optimal growth theory mainly, gives the academic definition of the rate of population aging firstly, and discusses the effects of the rate on economic growth and social welfare. Then, the RCK model containing the rate of population aging is built. There are three basic cases in the balanced growth path: population aging economy, normal economy and children economy. However, the population aging economy will lead to contraction. In order to allow the existence of population aging economy in the balanced growth path, we need to introduce the assumption of technology progress rate. In modified RCK model, as long as the technology progress rate is higher than the rate of aging, the extra burden of aging can be eased by technological progress, but the growth rate of per capita output is lower than the rate in normal economy. Also, the problem cannot be solved without the participation of the government for the government plays an indispensable role. The paper then discusses the effects of government in modified RCK model. The government can actively develop the aging services, and affect the utility function of families by government spending. She can actively develop the aging industry, and affect the production function of enterprises. Meanwhile, she can try to play a positive role in technological progress. Under certain conditions, the growth rate of per capita output can be higher comparing with the economy without government, and social welfare will get longterm development.

Key wordsrate of population aging; population aging economy; balanced growth path; social wealfare

5結(jié)論

本文首先從學(xué)術(shù)角度嘗試給出老齡化率的定義,在最優(yōu)增長理論RCK模型的框架下討論老齡化率對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長和社會(huì)福利的影響,給出含老齡化率的RCK模型。此時(shí)平衡增長路徑存在三種基本情形:老齡經(jīng)濟(jì)、常態(tài)經(jīng)濟(jì)與娃娃經(jīng)濟(jì),但此時(shí)老齡經(jīng)濟(jì)情形會(huì)導(dǎo)致經(jīng)濟(jì)萎縮。

為了使處于平衡增長路徑的經(jīng)濟(jì)系統(tǒng)容許老齡經(jīng)濟(jì)的存在,本文引入技術(shù)進(jìn)步率。在修正的RCK模型中,即使老齡化率存在,只要技術(shù)進(jìn)步率高于老齡化率,老齡化帶來的額外負(fù)擔(dān)就能夠被技術(shù)進(jìn)步吸收,經(jīng)濟(jì)系統(tǒng)就能夠容許老齡經(jīng)濟(jì)存在,但與不考慮老齡化率的經(jīng)濟(jì)系統(tǒng)相比,平衡增長路徑中的人均產(chǎn)出增長率相對(duì)較低。

政府在老齡經(jīng)濟(jì)系統(tǒng)中發(fā)揮著不可或缺的作用,因此本文最后討論了政府對(duì)老齡經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響。應(yīng)積極發(fā)展老齡經(jīng)濟(jì)服務(wù)業(yè),使得政府支出對(duì)家庭的效用函數(shù)發(fā)揮積極作用。積極發(fā)展老齡經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)業(yè),使得政府支出對(duì)廠商的生產(chǎn)函數(shù)發(fā)揮積極作用。同時(shí),努力使得政府支出對(duì)技術(shù)進(jìn)步率發(fā)揮積極作用。在一定條件下,與無政府的經(jīng)濟(jì)系統(tǒng)相比,平衡增長路徑中的人均產(chǎn)出增長率與社會(huì)福利能夠更高。

(編輯:常勇)

參考文獻(xiàn)(References)

[1]Ramsey F P. A Mathematical Theory of Saving[J]. The Economic Journal,1928, 38(152):543-559.

[2]Cass D. Optimum Growth in an Aggregative Model of Capital Accumulation[J]. The Review of Economic Studies, 1965, 32(3):233-240.

[3]Koopmans T C. On the Concept of Optimal Economic Growth[M]. The Econometric Approach to Development Planning, 1965, Amsterdam: North Holland.

[4]Sidrauski M. Rational Choice and Patterns of Growth in a Monetary Economy[J]. American Economic Review, 1967, 57(2):534-44.

[5]Judd K. An Alternatives to Steadystate Comparisons in Perfect Foresight Models[J]. Economics Letters, 1982, 10(1): 55-59.

[6]Barro R J. Government Spending in a Simple Model of Endogenous Growth[J]. Journal of Political Economy, 1990, 98(5):103-125.

[7]Samuelson P A. An Exact ConsumptionLoan Model of Interest with or without the Social Contrivance of Money[J]. Journal of Political Economy, 1958, 66(6):467-482.

[8]Diamond P. National Debt in a Neoclassical Growth Model[J]. American Economic Review, 1965, 55(5):1126-1150.

[9]Blanchard O J. Debt, Deficits, and Finite Horizons[J]. Journal of Political Economy, 1985, 93(2):223-247.

[10]Solow R M. A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth[J]. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1956, 70(1):65-94.

Influence of Population Aging on the Economic Development

WU KangpingNI XuanmingYIN Junru

(School of Economics and Management, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China)

AbstractAs our country is stepping into aging society, the study of the aging problem is extremely urgent and necessary. The paper studies this problem on the framework of optimal growth theory mainly, gives the academic definition of the rate of population aging firstly, and discusses the effects of the rate on economic growth and social welfare. Then, the RCK model containing the rate of population aging is built. There are three basic cases in the balanced growth path: population aging economy, normal economy and children economy. However, the population aging economy will lead to contraction. In order to allow the existence of population aging economy in the balanced growth path, we need to introduce the assumption of technology progress rate. In modified RCK model, as long as the technology progress rate is higher than the rate of aging, the extra burden of aging can be eased by technological progress, but the growth rate of per capita output is lower than the rate in normal economy. Also, the problem cannot be solved without the participation of the government for the government plays an indispensable role. The paper then discusses the effects of government in modified RCK model. The government can actively develop the aging services, and affect the utility function of families by government spending. She can actively develop the aging industry, and affect the production function of enterprises. Meanwhile, she can try to play a positive role in technological progress. Under certain conditions, the growth rate of per capita output can be higher comparing with the economy without government, and social welfare will get longterm development.

Key wordsrate of population aging; population aging economy; balanced growth path; social wealfare

5結(jié)論

本文首先從學(xué)術(shù)角度嘗試給出老齡化率的定義,在最優(yōu)增長理論RCK模型的框架下討論老齡化率對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長和社會(huì)福利的影響,給出含老齡化率的RCK模型。此時(shí)平衡增長路徑存在三種基本情形:老齡經(jīng)濟(jì)、常態(tài)經(jīng)濟(jì)與娃娃經(jīng)濟(jì),但此時(shí)老齡經(jīng)濟(jì)情形會(huì)導(dǎo)致經(jīng)濟(jì)萎縮。

為了使處于平衡增長路徑的經(jīng)濟(jì)系統(tǒng)容許老齡經(jīng)濟(jì)的存在,本文引入技術(shù)進(jìn)步率。在修正的RCK模型中,即使老齡化率存在,只要技術(shù)進(jìn)步率高于老齡化率,老齡化帶來的額外負(fù)擔(dān)就能夠被技術(shù)進(jìn)步吸收,經(jīng)濟(jì)系統(tǒng)就能夠容許老齡經(jīng)濟(jì)存在,但與不考慮老齡化率的經(jīng)濟(jì)系統(tǒng)相比,平衡增長路徑中的人均產(chǎn)出增長率相對(duì)較低。

政府在老齡經(jīng)濟(jì)系統(tǒng)中發(fā)揮著不可或缺的作用,因此本文最后討論了政府對(duì)老齡經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響。應(yīng)積極發(fā)展老齡經(jīng)濟(jì)服務(wù)業(yè),使得政府支出對(duì)家庭的效用函數(shù)發(fā)揮積極作用。積極發(fā)展老齡經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)業(yè),使得政府支出對(duì)廠商的生產(chǎn)函數(shù)發(fā)揮積極作用。同時(shí),努力使得政府支出對(duì)技術(shù)進(jìn)步率發(fā)揮積極作用。在一定條件下,與無政府的經(jīng)濟(jì)系統(tǒng)相比,平衡增長路徑中的人均產(chǎn)出增長率與社會(huì)福利能夠更高。

(編輯:常勇)

參考文獻(xiàn)(References)

[1]Ramsey F P. A Mathematical Theory of Saving[J]. The Economic Journal,1928, 38(152):543-559.

[2]Cass D. Optimum Growth in an Aggregative Model of Capital Accumulation[J]. The Review of Economic Studies, 1965, 32(3):233-240.

[3]Koopmans T C. On the Concept of Optimal Economic Growth[M]. The Econometric Approach to Development Planning, 1965, Amsterdam: North Holland.

[4]Sidrauski M. Rational Choice and Patterns of Growth in a Monetary Economy[J]. American Economic Review, 1967, 57(2):534-44.

[5]Judd K. An Alternatives to Steadystate Comparisons in Perfect Foresight Models[J]. Economics Letters, 1982, 10(1): 55-59.

[6]Barro R J. Government Spending in a Simple Model of Endogenous Growth[J]. Journal of Political Economy, 1990, 98(5):103-125.

[7]Samuelson P A. An Exact ConsumptionLoan Model of Interest with or without the Social Contrivance of Money[J]. Journal of Political Economy, 1958, 66(6):467-482.

[8]Diamond P. National Debt in a Neoclassical Growth Model[J]. American Economic Review, 1965, 55(5):1126-1150.

[9]Blanchard O J. Debt, Deficits, and Finite Horizons[J]. Journal of Political Economy, 1985, 93(2):223-247.

[10]Solow R M. A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth[J]. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1956, 70(1):65-94.

Influence of Population Aging on the Economic Development

WU KangpingNI XuanmingYIN Junru

(School of Economics and Management, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China)

AbstractAs our country is stepping into aging society, the study of the aging problem is extremely urgent and necessary. The paper studies this problem on the framework of optimal growth theory mainly, gives the academic definition of the rate of population aging firstly, and discusses the effects of the rate on economic growth and social welfare. Then, the RCK model containing the rate of population aging is built. There are three basic cases in the balanced growth path: population aging economy, normal economy and children economy. However, the population aging economy will lead to contraction. In order to allow the existence of population aging economy in the balanced growth path, we need to introduce the assumption of technology progress rate. In modified RCK model, as long as the technology progress rate is higher than the rate of aging, the extra burden of aging can be eased by technological progress, but the growth rate of per capita output is lower than the rate in normal economy. Also, the problem cannot be solved without the participation of the government for the government plays an indispensable role. The paper then discusses the effects of government in modified RCK model. The government can actively develop the aging services, and affect the utility function of families by government spending. She can actively develop the aging industry, and affect the production function of enterprises. Meanwhile, she can try to play a positive role in technological progress. Under certain conditions, the growth rate of per capita output can be higher comparing with the economy without government, and social welfare will get longterm development.

Key wordsrate of population aging; population aging economy; balanced growth path; social wealfare

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