曹瑞芬++張安錄++蔡銀鶯
摘要耕地保護不僅要確保耕地的數量不減少、而且要保證耕地的質量和生態功能不下降。本文綜合考慮耕地的數量、質量和生態屬性,采用加權求合法計算耕地的綜合水平,并據此采用Jenks自然斷裂點法將湖北省102個縣(市、區)劃分為耕地赤字區、耕地平衡區以及耕地盈余區,界定了縣級層面耕地保護補償關系。分區結果顯示:全省共有56個耕地赤字區,28個耕地平衡區以及18個耕地盈余區,盈余區個數僅占總樣本的18%,說明湖北省耕地資源綜合水平偏低;省內耕地資源綜合水平差異較大,綜合水平值最高為0.209 9(鐘祥市),最低為0(江漢區、武昌區和黃石港區),平均水平為0.083 8。此外,通過構建耕地資源綜合水平與土地財政之間的定量關系,實行跨區域的財政轉移支付,以均衡各區域的發展。研究結果表明:耕地資源綜合水平每增長1個效用值,土地財政收入約減少115.811萬元。結合分區結果和定量關系可知,18個受償區中,耕地綜合水平最高的鐘祥市得到最高的補償款(315.715 4萬元);56個支付區中,江漢區、武昌區和黃石港區的耕地綜合水平均為0,修正后三者的補償款分別為203.580 2萬元、89.371 0萬元和135.452 7萬元。此外,財政轉移支付行為具有一定的現實可操作性,各個縣(市、區)的轉移支付額占當年地方財政收入的比例較低,約為0.007%~3.374%,均在政府可承受的范圍之內。研究成果能為均衡湖北省各區域的發展提供依據,對于我國耕地保護的實施也具有重要的現實意義。
關鍵詞耕地保護;補償分區;財政轉移支付;綜合評價;Jenks自然斷裂點法
中圖分類號F301.21 文獻標識碼A文章編號1002-2104(2014)12-0014-09doi:103969/jissn1002-2104201412003
耕地保護經濟補償是一種有效協調耕地保護與經濟發展矛盾的經濟激勵措施[1],補償的實質是一個外部性內部化的過程[2]。國內學者對于耕地保護經濟補償機制的研究主要集中在補償機制的理論基礎[3-4]、補償區域的劃分[2]、補償標準的測算[5-10]以及補償效應的分析[11]上。其中,合理劃分補償區域,界定區域補償關系,是實施耕地保護補償制度的前提和基礎。目前,應用最廣泛的是張效軍等[12-13]提出的基于糧食安全法的耕地盈余/赤字區的劃分。周小平等[2]通過實證研究將我國31個省劃分為耕地赤字區、耕地平衡區、耕地盈余區。然而,糧食安全法僅僅考慮了耕地的數量和質量情況,且質量方面僅以糧食單產代替,不僅耕地質量方面考慮不夠全面,而且忽略了耕地的生態屬性。耕地保護不僅要確保耕地的數量不減少、而且要保證耕地的質量和生態功能不下降。鑒于此,本文以湖北省的102個縣(市、區)為例,綜合考慮耕地的數量、質量和生態特性,采用加權求和法計算耕地的綜合水平,并據此界定縣級區域間的耕地保護補償關系;此外,通過構建耕地綜合水平與土地財政之間的定量關系,實行跨區域的財政轉移支付,以豐富我國耕地保護經濟補償的理論和技術知識。
1研究方法與數據處理
1.1耕地資源綜合評價
1.1.1確定評價指標
耕地的數量由耕地面積來反映。影響耕地質量的因素有很多,主要包括自然因素和社會經濟因素[14-16],我國耕地質量等級調查與評定工作自1999年部署實施,歷時十年,其通過對農用地自然質量、土地利用水平、土地經濟水平進行逐級修正,綜合評定了農用地的質量等別。因此,采用耕地質量等級調查與評定成果來反映耕地的質量水平更具有科學性和說服力。耕地的生態水平可根據其產生的生態效益[17]進行衡量。反映耕地資源綜合水平的指標體系如表1所示。
曹瑞芬等:耕地保護經濟補償分區及財政轉移支付中國人口·資源與環境2014年第12期
表1耕地綜合水平指標一覽表
1.3土地財政與耕地綜合水平計量分析
國土資源部數據顯示,2010年我國土地出讓金占地方財政收入的比例再創新高,為76.6%,反映了地方政府對土地財政的極度依賴[21]。然而,耕地保護區域的新增建設用地指標受到一定的限制,勢必會影響當地政府的土地財政收入,進而損害其經濟福利。因此,構建土地財政與耕地保護之間的定量關系,結合分區結果,實行跨區域的財政轉移支付,對于我國耕地保護的實施具有重要的現實意義。
1.3.1變量選擇
筆者所關心的是耕地保護對土地財政是否有影響以及影響的程度有多大,其中,耕地保護水平采用前文計算的耕地資源綜合水平來反映;土地財政收入包含土地出讓金收入和土地相關稅收收入,由于土地相關稅收收入在土地財政收入中占的比重較小,吳群等[22] 指出耕地占用稅和城市土地使用稅之和僅占土地出讓金不到10%,因此選用土地出讓金收入代替土地財政收入。
影響土地財政收入的因素有很多,具體可分為制度因素和經濟因素,其中制度因素主要指地方財權和事權的不平衡程度。1994年分稅制改革對地方政府產生了較大影響,一方面地方政府的財政收入比重下降,另一方面政府的事權支出范圍卻越來越大,負擔也越來越重。地方事權和財權的不平衡迫使地方政府把眼光投向了土地這塊肥肉[23],土地財政逐漸成為地方政府的“第二財政”。因此,財權和事權越不平衡的地區,對土地財政的依賴越強,其土地財政規模也相對較大。鑒于此,選取地方財權和事權的不平衡程度作為自變量。采用地方人均財政收支比與全國人均中央財政收支比的比值來衡量:地方事權和財權的不平衡程度=(地方人均財政支出/全國人均中央財政支出)/(地方人均財政收入/全國人均中央財政收入)。
經濟因素主要指地區的競爭程度,公共財政預算收入是衡量地區競爭程度的重要指標。公共預算收入越大,可用于公共服務的支出就會越多,從而營造出良好的生產和生活環境,進而對外產生強大的吸引力。公共財政預算收入與土地財政收入預期存在正相關關系。另外,根據王克強等[24]的研究結果可知,人均播種面積是影響土地財政收入的重要因素,其通過影響征地制度和出讓制度來影響土地財政收入。
1.3.2模型設定
根據多數已有的計量模型研究[25],本文采用多元線性回歸模型。具體公式如下:
式中:α為經濟修正系數;h為區域補償類型,分為支付區和受償區;i代表研究區域i。
2實證分析
2.1研究區域概況與數據獲取
湖北省位于長江中游、洞庭湖以北,是華中地區較為發達的省份之一,且地勢平坦,土壤肥沃,歷來是我國重要的糧棉油生產基地。近年來,隨著經濟的快速發展,湖北省的耕地數量和質量呈現出減少和下降的趨勢,耕地資源保護受到前所未有的嚴峻挑戰,嚴重威脅到我國的糧食安全。1996-2010年間,耕地面積由1996年的494.954萬hm2減少到2010年的481.225萬hm2,糧食總產量由1996年的2 484.4萬t減少到2010年的2 315.80萬t。
各個縣(市、區)的耕地面積采用湖北省在“第二次全國土地調查”(簡稱“二調”)中的調查成果;耕地質量水平參照《中國耕地質量等級調查與評定(湖北卷)》[19]中農用地等別分縣(市、區)面積統計情況,并通過相關計算獲取;耕地生態水平依據其產生的生態效益來核算,涉及的數據,如,主要糧食作物的單產、播種面積和全國平均價格等,通過查閱《中國農產品價格調查年鑒2009》、《湖北統計年鑒2009》和《湖北農村統計年鑒2009》等獲取。考慮到縣域層面最新的耕地面積數據較難獲取,研究區域的耕地面積采用湖北省在“全國第二次土地調查”中的調查成果,而全國第二次土地調查自2007年7月1日開始,到2009年初完成,其調查成果主要反映了2008年的土地利用情況,因此,為保證研究時點的一致性,其他相關數據均采用2008年數據。此外,回歸模型中相關變量如,地方公共財政預算收入、地方事權和財權的不平衡程度涉及的地方政府財政收入和支出通過查閱《湖北省統計年鑒2009》獲取;各縣(市、區)新增建設用地面積來自湖北省國土資源廳提供的建設用地審批臺賬;2007-2010年湖北省市級層面的土地出讓金通過查閱2008-2011年《中國國土資源年鑒》獲取。
2.2結果分析
2.2.1效用值分區
Repayment咸安區1.318 9羅田縣2.854 6青山區88.066 8鐘祥市315.715 4長陽土家族自治縣1.292 4建始縣2.620 4黃州區20.843 0監利縣127.892 3華容區3.629 8通城縣4.322 7西塞山區52.066 2曾都區223.327 8沙市區3.548 4英山縣4.615 6下陸區48.088 7襄陽區252.820 4梁子區1.823 5咸豐縣3.124 0鐵山區47.211 7天門市184.986 8巴東縣1.421 7保康縣4.133 9五峰土家族自治縣12.823 7棗陽市170.202 6鄂城區4.194 8宦恩縣3.497 1興山縣22.562 9沙洋縣156.563 3鄖縣1.009 8洪山區17.443 3鶴峰縣10.760 7公安縣83.170 7襄城區5.544 1丹江口市8.714 1猇亭區115.510 4潛扛市208.850 1竹山縣1.377 8房縣3.397 3點軍區35.597 0仙桃市147.259 4掇刀區6.428 9竹溪縣4.169 3伍家崗區79.198 6京山縣99.662 7赤壁市5.039 3通山縣5.299 2西陵區104.043 5宜城市55.212 7團風縣2.039 1來風縣4.829 8張灣區18.990 9麻城市27.458 7東西湖區16.850 1漢南區29.246 3茅箭區54.436 7漢川市47.164 4鄖西縣1.572 5秭歸縣8.450 0神農架林區22.983 0松滋市16.173 3樊城區16.159 8宜都市25.518 3江漢區203.580 2黃陂區15.433 6夷陵區8.151 9漢剛區52.473 2武昌區89.371 0廣水市11.834 0遠安縣8.771 8江岸區34.255 8黃石港區135.452 7洪湖市7.973 6崇陽縣3.825 8硚口區43.771 3(1)湖北省耕地資源綜合水平偏低。102個樣本中,大部分樣本集中在耕地綜合水平虧損區,約占總樣本的55%。湖北省糧棉油生產基地的地位開始動搖,嚴重威脅著我國的糧食安全。該研究結論與前人的研究結論基本一致,曲福田等[26]通過分析不同糧食分區的耕地占用動態得出,自2002年開始,湖北省的人均糧食生產水平已經低于全國人均糧食生產水平,也就是說湖北省已經由一個傳統的糧食主產區變成了糧食主銷區。
(2)省內耕地綜合水平差異明顯。其中,綜合水平值最高為0.209 9(鐘祥市),最低為0(江漢區、武昌區和黃石港區),平均水平為0.083 8。低分值區域大部分為12個省轄市的城市轄區,其中武漢市的大部分轄區分值均較低;高分值區域主要是湖北省的糧食生產大縣和糧棉油生產基地,如鐘祥、監利、仙桃、天門和潛江等。
(3)結合分區結果和定量關系知,全省共有18個縣(市、區)可以獲得耕地保護經濟補償款,其中耕地綜合水平最高的鐘祥市得到最高的補償款(315.715 4萬元);同時,共有56個縣(市、區)需要支付補償款,其中,江漢區、武昌區和黃石港區的綜合水平均為0,修正后,三者的補償款分別為203.580 2萬元、89.371 0萬元和135.452 7萬元。
(4)財政轉移支付行為具有一定的現實可操作性。分析轉移支付額與當年地方財政收入之間的關系可知,各個縣(市、區)的轉移支付額占當年地方財政收入的比例較低,約為0.007%~3.374%,均在政府可承受的范圍之內。
3.2討論
耕地保護經濟補償分區是構建耕地保護經濟補償機制的重要環節。目前,區域耕地保護補償分區中,應用最廣泛的是基于糧食安全法的耕地盈余/赤字區的劃分[12-13]。然而,糧食安全法僅僅考慮了耕地的數量和質量情況,且質量方面僅以糧食單產代替。近年來,耕地資源的生態功能越來越引起學術界的關注,以耕地生態承載力供需關系為切入點,研究耕地保護經濟補償分區逐漸成為學者們研究的熱點[27-28]。耕地保護不僅要確保耕地的數量不減少、而且要保證耕地的質量和生態功能不下降,本文基于耕地綜合水平的區域劃分方法為研究耕地保護經濟補償分區提供了一個新的視角。此外,筆者進一步量化了土地財政與耕地綜合水平之間的關系,并結合分區結果,實行跨區域的財政轉移支付。研究成果對于我國耕地保護的實施具有重要的現實意義。然而,受篇幅限制,本文僅僅研究了湖北省內各縣(市、區)之間的耕地保護經濟補償機制,牛海鵬等[11]將耕地保護的經濟補償機制分為區內經濟補償機制和區際經濟補償機制,其中,區際經濟補償又分為省際經濟補償、市際經濟補償和縣際經濟補償,后期可將進一步與全國各省聯系起來,探究省際經濟補償機制,建立層次分明,一體化的區際經濟補償體系。此外,由于土地出讓金收入在縣域層面上難以獲取,筆者選取與土地出讓金收入高度相關的新增建設用地面積搭建起耕地綜合水平與土地財政收入之間的關系,這樣的考慮有一定的道理,但可能使得估計結果存在一定的誤差,后期可進一步通過各種途徑收集湖北省縣域層面的土地出讓金收入,以保證估計結果更加精準可靠。
(編輯:徐天祥)
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[23]孔善廣.分稅制后地方政府財事權非對稱性及約束激勵機制變化研究[J].經濟社會體制比較,2007,(1):36-42.[Kong Shanguang. Study on the Asymmetry of Local Governments Responsibility and Resource After the TaxSharing Reform and the Changes of Incentive Mechanism[J]. Comparative Economic & Social Systems, 2007, (1): 36-42.]
[24]王克強,胡海生,劉紅梅.中國地方土地財政收入增長影響因素實證研究:基于1995-2008年中國省際面板數據的分析[J].財經研究,2012,38(4):112-121.[Wang Keqiang, Hu Haisheng, Liu Hongmei. Empirical Study on Influential Factors of Local Land Financial Revenue Growth in China: Analysis Based on InterProvince Panel Data from 1995 to 2008[J]. Journal of Finance and Economics, 2012, 38(4): 112-121.]
[25]曲福田,陳江龍,陳雯.農地非農化經濟驅動機制的理論分析與實證研究[J].自然資源學報,2005,20(2):231-239.[Qu Futian, Chen Jianglong, Chen Wen. Theoretical and Empirical Study on the Land Conversion Economic Driving Forces[J]. Journal of Natural Resources, 2005, 20(2): 231-240.]
[26]曲福田,朱新華.不同糧食分區耕地占用動態與區域差異分析[J].中國土地科學,2008,22(3):34-40.[Qu Futian, Zhu Huaxin. A Study of the Conversion of Cultivated Land in Various Grain Areas and Regional Difference[J]. China Land Science, 2008, 22(3): 35-40.]
[27]崔理想,陳興鵬,許新宇,等.高臺縣所轄鄉鎮耕地生態足跡動態分析[J].干旱地區農業研究,2012,30(4):213-216.[Cui Lixiang, Chen Xingpeng, Xu Xinyu, et al. Dynamic Analysis of Ecological Footprint of Cultivated Land in Gaotais Towns[J]. Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas, 2012, 30(4): 213-216.]
[28]施開放,刁承泰,孫秀峰,等.基于耕地生態足跡的重慶市耕地生態承載力供需平衡研究[J].生態學報,2013,33(6):1872-1879.[Shi Kaifang, Diao Chengtai, Sun Xiufeng, et al. Ecological Balance Between Supply and Demand in Chongqing City Based on Cultivated Land Ecological Footprint Method[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2013, 33(6): 1872-1879.]
Economic Compensation Partition for Cultivated Land Protection and
Fiscal Transfer Payment: Take Hubei Province as Example
CAO RuifenZHANG AnluCAI Yinying
(College of Land Management, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan Hubei 430070, China)
AbstractThe target of cultivated land protection is to ensure not only the quantity but also the quality and ecological function of arable land. With considering the quantity, quality and ecological attribute of arable land, this study calculates the comprehensive level of cultivated land by employing weight sum method, and on this basis, divides 102 counties (cities, districts) of Hubei Province into the deficit area, balance area, and surplus area of cultivated land with method of Jenks natural breaks optimization, thus defining the compensation relations among counties. Zoning results in 56 counties of deficit area, 28 counties of balance area, and 18 counties of surplus area. Only 18% of counties are surplus area, which indicates that the comprehensive level of cultivated land in Hubei Province is low. And the interprovincial difference of comprehensive level of cultivated land is large, for example, Zhongxiang has the highest value of 0.209 9; on the contrary, Jianghan, Wuchang and Huangshigang have the lowest value of 0. Besides, the average is 0.083 8. Furthermore, we measure the amounts of fiscal transfer payment among regions to equalize the regional development through estimating the quantitative relationship between comprehensive level of arable land and land financial revenue. The results indicate that, land financial revenue reduces 115.811 million yuan with a unit increment of utility value. Lastly, combined with the partition result and quantitative relationship, it shows that, among the 18 repayment districts, Zhongxiang which has the highest comprehensive level of cultivated land gets the highest compensation of 315.715 4 million yuan; among the 56 payments areas, Jianghan, Wuchang and Huangshigang which have the lowest comprehensive level about 0, need give compensation of RMB 2 035 802, 893 710 and 1 354 527, respectively. In addition, the amount of transfer payment in each county (city, district) only accounts for a small proportion of the local government revenue, about 0.007 to 3.374%, and all are within the governments affordable range, so it is realistic to implement the transfers payment. It is concluded that cultivated land protection zones and fiscal transfer payments will provide a basis of equalizing the development of each region in Hubei Province, and have an important practical significance for the cultivated land protection in China.
Key wordscultivated land protection; compensation partition; fiscal transfer payment; comprehensive evaluation; Jenks natural breaks optimization
[23]孔善廣.分稅制后地方政府財事權非對稱性及約束激勵機制變化研究[J].經濟社會體制比較,2007,(1):36-42.[Kong Shanguang. Study on the Asymmetry of Local Governments Responsibility and Resource After the TaxSharing Reform and the Changes of Incentive Mechanism[J]. Comparative Economic & Social Systems, 2007, (1): 36-42.]
[24]王克強,胡海生,劉紅梅.中國地方土地財政收入增長影響因素實證研究:基于1995-2008年中國省際面板數據的分析[J].財經研究,2012,38(4):112-121.[Wang Keqiang, Hu Haisheng, Liu Hongmei. Empirical Study on Influential Factors of Local Land Financial Revenue Growth in China: Analysis Based on InterProvince Panel Data from 1995 to 2008[J]. Journal of Finance and Economics, 2012, 38(4): 112-121.]
[25]曲福田,陳江龍,陳雯.農地非農化經濟驅動機制的理論分析與實證研究[J].自然資源學報,2005,20(2):231-239.[Qu Futian, Chen Jianglong, Chen Wen. Theoretical and Empirical Study on the Land Conversion Economic Driving Forces[J]. Journal of Natural Resources, 2005, 20(2): 231-240.]
[26]曲福田,朱新華.不同糧食分區耕地占用動態與區域差異分析[J].中國土地科學,2008,22(3):34-40.[Qu Futian, Zhu Huaxin. A Study of the Conversion of Cultivated Land in Various Grain Areas and Regional Difference[J]. China Land Science, 2008, 22(3): 35-40.]
[27]崔理想,陳興鵬,許新宇,等.高臺縣所轄鄉鎮耕地生態足跡動態分析[J].干旱地區農業研究,2012,30(4):213-216.[Cui Lixiang, Chen Xingpeng, Xu Xinyu, et al. Dynamic Analysis of Ecological Footprint of Cultivated Land in Gaotais Towns[J]. Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas, 2012, 30(4): 213-216.]
[28]施開放,刁承泰,孫秀峰,等.基于耕地生態足跡的重慶市耕地生態承載力供需平衡研究[J].生態學報,2013,33(6):1872-1879.[Shi Kaifang, Diao Chengtai, Sun Xiufeng, et al. Ecological Balance Between Supply and Demand in Chongqing City Based on Cultivated Land Ecological Footprint Method[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2013, 33(6): 1872-1879.]
Economic Compensation Partition for Cultivated Land Protection and
Fiscal Transfer Payment: Take Hubei Province as Example
CAO RuifenZHANG AnluCAI Yinying
(College of Land Management, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan Hubei 430070, China)
AbstractThe target of cultivated land protection is to ensure not only the quantity but also the quality and ecological function of arable land. With considering the quantity, quality and ecological attribute of arable land, this study calculates the comprehensive level of cultivated land by employing weight sum method, and on this basis, divides 102 counties (cities, districts) of Hubei Province into the deficit area, balance area, and surplus area of cultivated land with method of Jenks natural breaks optimization, thus defining the compensation relations among counties. Zoning results in 56 counties of deficit area, 28 counties of balance area, and 18 counties of surplus area. Only 18% of counties are surplus area, which indicates that the comprehensive level of cultivated land in Hubei Province is low. And the interprovincial difference of comprehensive level of cultivated land is large, for example, Zhongxiang has the highest value of 0.209 9; on the contrary, Jianghan, Wuchang and Huangshigang have the lowest value of 0. Besides, the average is 0.083 8. Furthermore, we measure the amounts of fiscal transfer payment among regions to equalize the regional development through estimating the quantitative relationship between comprehensive level of arable land and land financial revenue. The results indicate that, land financial revenue reduces 115.811 million yuan with a unit increment of utility value. Lastly, combined with the partition result and quantitative relationship, it shows that, among the 18 repayment districts, Zhongxiang which has the highest comprehensive level of cultivated land gets the highest compensation of 315.715 4 million yuan; among the 56 payments areas, Jianghan, Wuchang and Huangshigang which have the lowest comprehensive level about 0, need give compensation of RMB 2 035 802, 893 710 and 1 354 527, respectively. In addition, the amount of transfer payment in each county (city, district) only accounts for a small proportion of the local government revenue, about 0.007 to 3.374%, and all are within the governments affordable range, so it is realistic to implement the transfers payment. It is concluded that cultivated land protection zones and fiscal transfer payments will provide a basis of equalizing the development of each region in Hubei Province, and have an important practical significance for the cultivated land protection in China.
Key wordscultivated land protection; compensation partition; fiscal transfer payment; comprehensive evaluation; Jenks natural breaks optimization
[23]孔善廣.分稅制后地方政府財事權非對稱性及約束激勵機制變化研究[J].經濟社會體制比較,2007,(1):36-42.[Kong Shanguang. Study on the Asymmetry of Local Governments Responsibility and Resource After the TaxSharing Reform and the Changes of Incentive Mechanism[J]. Comparative Economic & Social Systems, 2007, (1): 36-42.]
[24]王克強,胡海生,劉紅梅.中國地方土地財政收入增長影響因素實證研究:基于1995-2008年中國省際面板數據的分析[J].財經研究,2012,38(4):112-121.[Wang Keqiang, Hu Haisheng, Liu Hongmei. Empirical Study on Influential Factors of Local Land Financial Revenue Growth in China: Analysis Based on InterProvince Panel Data from 1995 to 2008[J]. Journal of Finance and Economics, 2012, 38(4): 112-121.]
[25]曲福田,陳江龍,陳雯.農地非農化經濟驅動機制的理論分析與實證研究[J].自然資源學報,2005,20(2):231-239.[Qu Futian, Chen Jianglong, Chen Wen. Theoretical and Empirical Study on the Land Conversion Economic Driving Forces[J]. Journal of Natural Resources, 2005, 20(2): 231-240.]
[26]曲福田,朱新華.不同糧食分區耕地占用動態與區域差異分析[J].中國土地科學,2008,22(3):34-40.[Qu Futian, Zhu Huaxin. A Study of the Conversion of Cultivated Land in Various Grain Areas and Regional Difference[J]. China Land Science, 2008, 22(3): 35-40.]
[27]崔理想,陳興鵬,許新宇,等.高臺縣所轄鄉鎮耕地生態足跡動態分析[J].干旱地區農業研究,2012,30(4):213-216.[Cui Lixiang, Chen Xingpeng, Xu Xinyu, et al. Dynamic Analysis of Ecological Footprint of Cultivated Land in Gaotais Towns[J]. Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas, 2012, 30(4): 213-216.]
[28]施開放,刁承泰,孫秀峰,等.基于耕地生態足跡的重慶市耕地生態承載力供需平衡研究[J].生態學報,2013,33(6):1872-1879.[Shi Kaifang, Diao Chengtai, Sun Xiufeng, et al. Ecological Balance Between Supply and Demand in Chongqing City Based on Cultivated Land Ecological Footprint Method[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2013, 33(6): 1872-1879.]
Economic Compensation Partition for Cultivated Land Protection and
Fiscal Transfer Payment: Take Hubei Province as Example
CAO RuifenZHANG AnluCAI Yinying
(College of Land Management, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan Hubei 430070, China)
AbstractThe target of cultivated land protection is to ensure not only the quantity but also the quality and ecological function of arable land. With considering the quantity, quality and ecological attribute of arable land, this study calculates the comprehensive level of cultivated land by employing weight sum method, and on this basis, divides 102 counties (cities, districts) of Hubei Province into the deficit area, balance area, and surplus area of cultivated land with method of Jenks natural breaks optimization, thus defining the compensation relations among counties. Zoning results in 56 counties of deficit area, 28 counties of balance area, and 18 counties of surplus area. Only 18% of counties are surplus area, which indicates that the comprehensive level of cultivated land in Hubei Province is low. And the interprovincial difference of comprehensive level of cultivated land is large, for example, Zhongxiang has the highest value of 0.209 9; on the contrary, Jianghan, Wuchang and Huangshigang have the lowest value of 0. Besides, the average is 0.083 8. Furthermore, we measure the amounts of fiscal transfer payment among regions to equalize the regional development through estimating the quantitative relationship between comprehensive level of arable land and land financial revenue. The results indicate that, land financial revenue reduces 115.811 million yuan with a unit increment of utility value. Lastly, combined with the partition result and quantitative relationship, it shows that, among the 18 repayment districts, Zhongxiang which has the highest comprehensive level of cultivated land gets the highest compensation of 315.715 4 million yuan; among the 56 payments areas, Jianghan, Wuchang and Huangshigang which have the lowest comprehensive level about 0, need give compensation of RMB 2 035 802, 893 710 and 1 354 527, respectively. In addition, the amount of transfer payment in each county (city, district) only accounts for a small proportion of the local government revenue, about 0.007 to 3.374%, and all are within the governments affordable range, so it is realistic to implement the transfers payment. It is concluded that cultivated land protection zones and fiscal transfer payments will provide a basis of equalizing the development of each region in Hubei Province, and have an important practical significance for the cultivated land protection in China.
Key wordscultivated land protection; compensation partition; fiscal transfer payment; comprehensive evaluation; Jenks natural breaks optimization