英文摘要

CONTENTS

The different groups in yin privilege of The Yuan Dynasty

Yu Jie（1）

Abstract: The yin（蔭） privilege was the privilege extended to high-ranking officials whereby they could nominate family members (sons, grandsons) for civilian office. The yin privilege in the hands of the Yuan Emperors was used to achieve their own very specific goals as Chinese rulers of a large sedentary empire. Under the Mongols, the yin privilege became the norm, it accorded with the normal workings of Mongolian society. The Yuan Dynasty yin regulations were designed and devised to facilitate the careers of Mongols and Western and Central Asians, while severely limiting the advance of Chinese. Some protection regulations were bound up with ethnic, occupational, and geographical categories, Some of the northern and southern Chinese families also actively involved in this, to maintain their old class and status. With yin privilege, People from Mongolian and Western and Central Asians families have different career choice.

Studies on Etiquette on Receiving Zunghar Messengers in Early Qianlong Period

Zhaolingzhi（22）

Abstract: The institutions for receiving messengers, who came from foreign and tributaries states, werelibu,lifanyuanandneiwufuin times of Qing period, and such practice was dissimilar to the one made in previous dynasties. Moreover, the rule on receiving the messengers can be divided into two categories, i.e. Chinese culture circle and non-Chinese culture circle. In detail, Korea, Vietnam and Ryukyu, etc., who were in Chinese culture circle, received a warm reception fromlibuand was in charge of Han Chinese officials. Mongolian and Tibetan area as well as Russia, who belonged to non-Chinese culture circle, were given a warm reception fromlifanyuanandneiwufuon being in charge of Manchu and/or Mongolian officials. This practice lasted until modern China period, when envoys of western states arrived. Scholars, whose research interests in patriarchal-vassal and tribute system, have emphasized function oflibuperformed in receiving messengers rather than that oflifanyuanandneiwufu, due to the reason that record oflifanyuanandneiwufuwas written in Manchu language. In reality, frequency of missions received byneiwufuandlifanyuanwas higher than that bylibu. In this way, influence of Chinese culture circle was weak compared with non-Chinese culture circle.So it is worth to note the question onlifanyuanandneiwufureceived messengers who came from the non-Chinese culture circle.

The Activities of a Merchant Governed by Northwestern Mongol during the 17th and 18th Centuries Based on Analyses of a Manchu Archive

Qi Guang（67）

Abstract: This article attempts to illuminate the trade route and activity of a Muslim merchant governed by the Lord of Mongol Qinghai Khoshud tribe from the mid-17thcentury to the early 18thcentury based on an analysis of a Manchu File collected by Alashan Zuo Qi Archive. At the same time, it also discusses the operation of commerce under the Mongol regime and the contacts among the empires in Eurasia through an analysis of the internal situation of the Mongolia, the Qing Empire, the Russian Empire, the Ottoman Empire and the Mughal Empire.

The Manchu Tiben and the Mongol Women’s Political Role in the Inheritance of Noble Titles: The Qinghai-centered Comparative Study

Chia Ning（83）

Abstract: This article examines the inheritance of the Mongol noble titles after the Mongols were organized into the Qing banner-league system. The examination focuses on women, as the wives or the mothers of the deceased male title-holders, in the heir decision and the tribal/or banner stability during the title transition. The analysis of the 290tibenleads to the conclusion that the Qinghai Mongols retained the strongest Mongol legacy of women’s political participation in comparison to the Inner, Outer/Khalka, and Western Mongols during the Qianlong reign.

The Scope of Validity of the law for the Mongols and its revisionary texts in the Qing Dynasty

Darijab（96）

Abstract: The one of most successful measure of Qing government was to administering the northern border area through make laws and deal with Mongols affairs according to the law. The law for Mongol was also in effect in the ethnics that were administrated by Li Fan Yuan, such as Fanzi were distributed in K?ke naγur, Northern Sichuan and Northern Tibet area, Dagur and Solon who live in the Northeast area, Huiz who lived in the Hami and Tulufan. The law for the Mongols was playing an important role in administrated the ethnics were lives in the frontier region in the Qing Dynasty. The law had a lot of revisionary texts for it was revised many times after the first published in 1643.

Important role of Dongkeer play in the relations between Mongolian and Tibetan history

Hanguanq uejia（103）

Abstract: The Ge-luk-ba Order of Tibetan Buddhism was introduced into Mongolian tribes since the Wanli period of Ming dynasty. As the representative of Dalai Lama, Dongkeer Hutukutu of each periods made great efforts for the spreading and rooting of it in Mongolian nationality and regions. That was Dongkeer Living Buddha’s propagating Buddhism doctrines in early time in Elute tribe in Moxi gained military support from Gu Shi Khan of Khoshut tribe for Ge-luk-ba Order in late Ming and early Qing dynasties.

The Undercurrent of the Relationship between Qing and Joseon at the Beginning Years of Su-zong King Achieved the Throne

Wang Gui-dong（114）

Abstract: At fourteen years old, The King of Su-Zong(肅宗) inherited his father’s throne when his father Xian-Zong（顯宗） died for disease in 1674. It was a time that the new King was young and the kingdom was not secure, just at that time the influence of the ―R evolt of the Three Feudatories‖ of the Qing Dynasty spread to the Joseon Dynasty. This essay discussed the secret strategy、the Qing Dynasty held twice memorial ceremony for Xian-Zong as well as the true or false of the view that the ―the king was weak but the minister was strong‖ as the points and combines with other related historical events, in order to reveal the harmony level of the subordinate relationship between the Qing Dynasty and the Joseon Dynasty which was not achieved at the beginning when Su-Zong succeeded the throne，in other words, the calm surface , it was undercurrent.

The Temple and Social Life of the Balikun at Xinjiang in the Qing and Early Republican Era

Wang peng-hui（126）

Abstract: Since the Qing dynasty, Balikun socioeconomic happened oasis from nomadic to agricultural transformation, combined with each of the relics in Han and Tang dynasty at Balikun and folk beliefs immigrants from mainland China,forming various types of Buddhist Taoist temples. Balikun temple is closely related to the livelihood of the local people, most temples belonging to folk beliefs in social space, constructed the internal order Balikun urban and rural society.Balikun temple is central geographical position in social space, showing a picture of the social life of the indigenous.

The Crisis and Challenge of the Modern China Political Reconstruction and Transformation of the State——At the Center of Outer Mongalia from 1911 to 1921

Zhao Yiyan Peng Wulin（142）

Abstract: After the revolution of Xin Hai，The problem of outer Mongolia is almost throughout the entire period of the Republic of China. From 1911 to 1921, the issue of outer Mongolia has experienced the four stage that the form of Independence——autonomy——withdrawal of treatment——Independence, which mixed with modern nation state building Chinese exists in how to realize the political independence, national independence, national identity, ethnic identity and a series of problems. This paper at the center of the outer Mongolia issue from 1911-1921, focuses on the causes of the outer Mongolia issue.

How The U.S government induced Dalai Lama to choice the place for fleeing around the signing of “Article 17 Agreement”

Gao Cuilian Feng Yueran（155）

Abstract: In order to contain communist and implement Cold War strategy, the U.S government took variety of measures to prevent peaceful liberation of Tibet during the negotiation and signing on ―A rticle 17 agreement‖, such as inducing the 14thDalai Lama to issue a statement against ―A rticle 17 agreement‖, or inducing the Dalai Lama to flee, seeking India and United Kingdom to support Dalai, and so on. This paper used the declassified U.S.documents and related studying achievements to make a detailed discussion on how the U.S.government and Tibetan authority chose the place for Dalai Fleeing from May to Oct.1951 so that we can reveal the U.S policy toward Tibet and Sino-US relation in the early 1950’s as well as the America’ role in the internationalization of the Tibet issue.

On the Trade Fairs in the Ethnic Minority Festivals of Southwest China

Wan Hong（171）

Abstract: This article discusses the trade fairs in the ethnic minority festivals of southwest China, considers that there are very close relations between ethnic minority festivals and trade fairs. Due to the most ethnic minority festivals of southwest China associate with consumption of life of the local people, they may provide chances for large-scale trading of goods and also create the extremely beneficial condition for inter-regional economic and trade exchanges.

On “Xiao Shi Qiao Phenomenon” of Wuding County, Yunnan——reflections on the correct handling of religious issues in ethnic minority areas

Zhang Yongde（177）

Abstract : The Marxism basic principles on the relationship between social existence and social ideology provide a theoretical support for the adaptability of religions to the socialist society. That the so-called ―Xiaozhong Jiao‖ (a small alienated Christian group) phenomenon triggered by ―X iao Shi Qiao‖ event could once be obstruction of the local government decrees is the specific manifestation of reaction of the social ideology to the social existence.On the contrary, when the existing social material foundations change, the social ideology based on it will accordingly change sooner or later. The ―Xiao Shi Qiao‖ phenomenon once more proves that the basic principles of Marxism can not be overturned, and it is highly instructive for our future work.

Integration and Conversion from Hali to Meifu——Based on field research in Xifang, Dongfang, Hainan province

Meng Fanyun（184）

Abstract: There have always been conversion and integration among different subgroups within each ethnic group, and the conversion and integration from Hali to Meifu is a typical example. Through observing the conversion and integration from Hali to Meifu in Xifang, we can find out that the conversion and integration, under both internal and external forced, are efficient and effective. Also Haili and Meifu have harmonious relationship after the conversion and integration, with Meifu being obedient. It is a significant achievement of ethnic conversion and integration and can be studied and applied to nowadays life.

Reading Notes on Collected Works of Song Lian

Shang Yanbin（197）

Abstract: This study investigates Song Lian’s lifetime and his arrangement for his descendants’ marriage. In addition, the achievements of the Chengxiang of Jiangzhe Province Qanql? da?-temür are also discussed. This study also attempts to make some textural criticism on the trajectory of Wei Su and his relative by marriage since Ming Dynasty. Moreover, this study analyzes the spread of northern medicine to the southern provinces and Zhu Zhenheng’s path to a successful career as a doctor in eastern Zhejiang. Lastly, the situation of Japanese Zen monks in China as well as Chinese Zen monks in Japan is discussed in this paper.Through a series of comparisons with contemporary historical documents, the author aims to prove Collected Works of Song Lian as a valuable piece of historical material.

The preliminary study on The History of How the Mongols were Turned back

Hasichaolu（216）

Abstract:The History of How the Mongols were Turned back(Sog bzlog bgyis tshul gyi lo rgyus) authored by The Nyingmapa figure Sog bzlog pa Blo gros rgyal mtshan (1552–1624)is a autobiographical historical text. It records the period of Khoden Khan (1240) until 1614 when the Mongol armies entered Tibet and how the Tibetan monks, sngags pas and bon pos performed exorcism rituals against those armies. Amongst the records, Sogdogpa's is the most detailed. The vast majority of historical events in this section are unrecorded in other Mongolian, Chinese and Tibetan documents. "The History..." has high academic value for the study of the relationship between Mongolia and Tibet, especially late 16th to early 17th century Mongolian -Tibetan relations. Since the Fifth Dalai Lama ( Ngag dbang blo bzang rgya mtsho, 1617-1682) became the leader of Tibet, he openly pronounced his disapproval for Sog bzlog pa, his closest master Zhig po gling pa (1524—1583), and his closest student Gong ra Gzhan phan rdo rje (1594-1654), and prohibited their writings and rituals in Tibet. Thus,Sog bzlog pa and his writings are almost unknown to Chinese academia. This preliminary study introduces the relevant issues of "The History" and its associated background to Chinese academia and readers.

The Masterpiece of Interpreting Early History ofTuoba:RereadTuoba History Investigation

You Li（224）

Abstract: The book review summarizes and induces the academic contribution and research methods ofTuoba History Investigation written by Professor Tian Yuqing. Then the review points out its insights in the respect of exploring early history ofTuobaand important enlightenment the masterpiece gives us in the respect of research methods. Finally, the review proposes some issues which are further worth discussing and replenishing.