梁 永(綜述),何克菲(審校)
(1.桂平市人民醫院腫瘤科,廣西 桂平 537200; 2.南方醫科大學珠江醫院腫瘤科,廣州 510282)
肝細胞癌放射治療研究進展
梁永1※(綜述),何克菲2(審校)
(1.桂平市人民醫院腫瘤科,廣西 桂平 537200; 2.南方醫科大學珠江醫院腫瘤科,廣州 510282)
原發性肝癌年病死率居全球惡性腫瘤的第3位,年新發病人數74.8萬,約50%發生在中國[1]。肝細胞癌占原發性肝癌的85%~90%,70%在確診時已失去根治性手術治療的機會[2]。目前常用的治療手段對失去根治性手術治療機會的患者可延長生存期,然而5年生存率極低。放射治療(放療)在肝細胞癌治療史上地位并不重要,是因為二維放療局部控制率低、肝損傷大。但近年隨著放療技術和設備的不斷發展,通過精確定位、三維適形計劃精確設計和精確治療,促使在正常肝組織或周圍危重器官耐受劑量條件下病灶能獲更高劑量,甚至達根治劑量,使療效明顯提高,同時放射損傷控制在可接受范圍。現就肝細胞癌放療的研究進展予以綜述。
1單純放療
1.1立體定向放療立體定向放療是指采用非共面多弧小野三維集束少次數大分割照射病灶,特點為靶區劑量高,周圍正常組織劑量迅速下降,用于治療直徑<3 cm的病灶。立體定向放療現在已能應用于受呼吸運動影響較大的胸腹部惡性腫瘤的治療。1991年,Blomgren等[3]首先采用該技術治療 20例肝癌,有效率為70%。2006年以來,學者們分別針對肝細胞癌進行前瞻性的立體定向放療研究,靶區體積1~1913 mm3,腫瘤大小1~23.1 cm,分割劑量24~60 Gy/3~6次,隨訪時間2~52個月,1~2年內局部控制率為87%~100%,2年總生存率為60%~69%[4-7]。另外,Takeda等[8]回顧性分析63例平均直徑2.6 cm不適合做根治性手術治療的患者,行35~40 Gy/5次立體定向放療,達類似手術治療效果,1年、2年局部控制率分別為95%和92%,3年總生存率為73%;而在日本<2 cm 和2~5 cm的單發性肝細胞癌根治術后的3年總生存率分別為83%~90%和70%~81%;這類患者如果行射頻消融治療,3年總生存率分別為82%~88%和66%~82%。雖然立體定向放療有治愈患者的潛力,但有許多內容還需深入研究,如分次劑量和總劑量尚無統一標準。每例患者的病灶大小、數目、部位、基礎肝病、殘留正常肝代償能力不相同,各個治療單位的處方劑量也不一樣[4-13],如Cardenes等[4]采用36~48 Gy/3 次,Andolino等[7]采用40 Gy/5 次,Bujold等[5]采用24~54 Gy/6次、Kang等[6]采用24~60 Gy/3次。但是,這些分次劑量和總劑量的差異均是根據正常肝組織受放療體積與發生并發癥概率模型決定的,當接受放療的正常肝體積<25%時,采用54 Gy/ 6次,當接受放療的正常肝體積25%~60%時,采用30~45 Gy/6次[14]。
1.2三維適形放療適形放療是近20多年放療史上發展最快、最大的成就之一,它分為三維靶區適(傳統三維適形放療)、靜態劑量適形(調強放療)、實時劑量適形(圖象引導放療)三類。因為它可應用于不同大小的腫瘤,且對直徑>3 cm形狀不規則的腫瘤三維適形放療的劑量分布要優于立體定向放療,故三維適形放療的適應證比較寬,從早期不適合做手術或射頻消融的患者到中期不適合做肝動化療栓塞或肝動化療栓塞后效果差的患者,甚至出現門靜脈癌栓或淋巴結、腦、肺、骨轉移的晚期肝細胞癌患者,均有穩定的局部控制率。Dawson 等[15]提出,根據正常組織并發癥控制概率方法計算放療劑量,解決個體化計算放療劑量問題之后,涌現大量肝細胞癌放療的成果報道。Mornex等[16]報道,對27例無手術指征的小肝癌行Ⅱ期前瞻性研究,放療劑量為66 Gy/33次,1年局部控制率為76%,同時發現,肝功能 B級患者放療毒性明顯增加。同年,Liang等[17]對幾組大樣本進行回顧性分析發現,1年生存率為45%~70%,2年生存率為22%~50%,并指出生存率與總放療劑量及肝功能相關,>53.1 Gy明顯優于低于此劑量者,肝功能A級明顯優于肝功能 B級患者。肝細胞癌患者易發生門靜脈左右分支或主干癌栓,門靜脈癌栓是獨立預后不良因素,這些患者已失去行手術、射頻消融、肝動脈化療栓塞等治療的機會,三維適形放療在這類患者中有獨特優勢。Takagi等[18]報道,放療對29%肝細胞癌并門靜脈癌栓有效。此后有幾篇文獻相繼回顧分析報道,在放療毒性可接受前提下給處方劑量30~60 Gy,分次劑量1.8~3 Gy,但中位生存期報道差異較大,從4~15個月[19-20]。門靜脈癌栓消退較慢,但有再通的報道。Zeng等[21]報道,肝細胞癌對射線敏感,相當于低分化鱗狀細胞癌,α/β值為11.2 Gy,故放療在晚期患者緩解癥狀方面亦表現較好療效。Jiang等[22]報道,放療控制肝細胞癌骨轉移引起的疼痛有效率為73%~83%,對肝細胞癌合并肺、腦或淋巴結轉移患者采用8 Gy/次或60 Gy/20次亦可延長生命或減輕痛苦。
1.3粒子射線放療粒子射線放療治療肝癌包括質子放療和碳離子放療,因能更好地保護正常肝組織,故能給予病灶更高劑量,其治療效果優于立體定向放療和適形放療,1年生存率為53%~90%,2年生存率為45%~88%,3年生存率為56%~62%,5年生存率為37%~39%[23-25]。Nakayama等[25]報道,318例患者(其中肝功能B級占24%,肝功能C級占2%)采用質子放療,劑量為55~77 Gy/10~35次,結果1年生存率為90%,5年生存率為45%,1.5%的患者出現3級以上放射損傷。Mizumoto等[26]報道266例患者接受質子放療,劑量為:病灶離胃腸<2 cm者,77 Gy/35次,病灶離肝門<2 cm者,72.6Gy/22次,其他66 Gy/10次,結果不同劑量組間生存率無差異,1、3、5年生存率分別為87%、61%和48%。雖然粒子放療費用昂貴,但因它對肝臟功能放射損傷相對較輕,值得與手術、射頻消融等進行Ⅲ期臨床研究。
2綜合治療
2.1放療與經導管動脈化療栓塞術(transcatheter arterial chemoembolization,TACE)聯合治療2002年以來,多個經隨機分組的研究證實TACE治療不能手術切除的肝細胞癌患者可提高2年生存率,目前TACE已成為不能手術切除肝細胞癌患者的首選治療方法[2]。但單純TACE治療局部控制率和長期生存率仍不理想,Zeng等[21]和Xu等[27]分別報道TACE聯合放療提高不能手術切除肝細胞癌患者生存率,其中Zeng等[21]對54例無淋巴結轉移、無門靜脈癌栓及遠處轉移,不能手術切除的肝細胞癌患者行TACE后聯合放療,與149例僅TACE治療對比,腫瘤客觀緩解率76%比31%,1、2、3年生存率分別為71.5%、42.3%和24.0%比59.6%、26.5%和11.1%,顯示TACE聯合放療優于僅TACE治療。Koo等[28]進行TACE后聯合放療的前瞻性研究,對42例伴下腔靜脈癌栓形成的晚期肝細胞癌患者TACE后聯合放療與29例單純TACE治療相比發現,中位生存時間分別為11.7個月比4.7個月。Kim等[29]報道,對59例不能手術切除的肝細胞癌患者行TACE后2周行放療,分次劑量2 ~4.5 Gy,以α/β=10計算,放療總生物劑量為39~65.25 Gy,中位劑量47.25 Gy,有53例患者放療后還繼續行1~8次TACE治療,中位次數為2次,截至結課題時還有32例存活,腫瘤客觀緩解率58%,1、2年生存率分別為60.1%和47.2%。另外,還有多個類似報道證實TACE聯合放療取得有利結果[30-34]。
2.2放療與靶向藥物聯合治療索拉非尼是目前唯一有Ⅰ級循證醫學證據證實對肝細胞癌有效的靶向藥物,它是多靶點多激酶抑制劑,既抑制促進腫瘤增殖的絲裂原活化蛋白激酶信號通路,又抑制血管內皮生長因子和血小板衍生因子。Kuo等[35]進行的腸癌細胞實驗顯示,放療聯合索拉非尼具有協同細胞毒性,增加細胞凋亡的作用,放射誘導的核因子κB活性被抑制而降低腫瘤增殖能力和侵襲能力。Yadav等[36]的動物實驗表明,放療聯合索拉非尼通過抑制X線修復交叉互補基因1和降低DNA修復蛋白錯配除交叉互補修復酶1含量,明顯抑制腫瘤細胞克隆形成。Girard和Morner[37]研究表明,索拉非尼可使腫瘤細胞同步化于對射線較敏感的細胞周期。臨床研究方面,Cha等[38]的局部放療聯合索拉非尼治療晚期肝細胞癌Ⅰ期臨床研究顯示了治療的安全性和有效性,其主要毒性為血小板減少,按美國國立癌癥研究所常見毒性評價標準3~4級血小板減少為17%。 Chen等[39]的放療聯合索拉非尼同步加維持治療晚期肝細胞癌Ⅱ期研究中,納入40例既不能手術切除也不適合TACE治療(其中24例并有門靜脈癌栓)的晚期肝細胞癌患者,放療劑量40~60 Gy,中位劑量50 Gy,索拉非尼 400 mg,每日2次,結果38例完成局部放療,腫瘤客觀緩解率為55%,2年放療野內無進展生存率為39%。
2.3放療與化學藥物聯合治療化學藥物治療(化療)是治療惡性腫瘤的三大主要手段之一,但化療在肝細胞癌治療中的歷史地位并不高,被認為對傳統細胞毒性藥物存在原發多藥耐藥,其有效率低于10%[40]。但近年伴隨抗腫瘤新藥的出現,化療的歷史地位有所提高。Qin等[40]進行的Ⅲ期臨床研究證實,采用FOLFOX4方案(奧沙利鉑+亞葉酸鈣+氟尿嘧啶)化療晚期肝細胞患者獲得近似索拉非尼的效果。Mclntosh等[41]報道,對20例不能手術切除的晚期肝細胞癌患者放療50 Gy/20次,同期用卡培他濱增敏,結果客觀有效率達94%,肝功能A級者中位生存期為22.5個月。Lee等[42]對18例因伴門靜脈癌栓或殘留肝體積不足的肝細胞癌患者行同步放化療,腫瘤大小7~16 cm,放療劑量 45 Gy/25次,同時肝動脈灌注氟尿嘧啶和順鉑,結果2個月后影像學評價完全緩解率、部分緩解率、穩定率分別為11.1%、72.2%和16.7%;術前影像學評價完全緩解率、部分緩解率、穩定率分別為33.3%、61.1%和5.6%,中位手術時間為6.2個月;術后病理100%壞死占22.2%、>80%壞死占61.1%,3年生存率為59.3%,平均總生存率為61.8個月。Park等[43]對肝細胞癌并門靜脈癌栓和肝內轉移患者,行肝動脈灌注氟尿嘧啶增敏,放療45 Gy/25次亦取得了較好效果。另外,Chuma等[44]和Murakami等[45]分別報道放療聯合氟尿嘧啶和干擾素治療取得有利結果。
3毒性反應
正常肝臟及其周圍的腎、胃腸和脊髓等都是對射線比較敏感的器官,同時肝細胞癌患者常并有肝硬化,故放射毒性是限制提高靶區劑量的最主要因素,其中最常見是放射性肝炎,一般發生于放療后2周至3個月,典型表現為黃疸、腹水、轉氨酶升高,但也有不少患者為不典型表現;另外,乙型肝炎病毒激活,肝功能下降亦是常見放射毒性之一[46]。放射毒性與放療總劑量、分次劑量、正常肝受照體積/劑量以及肝功能相關,Cardenes等[4]報道,肝功能A級肝細胞癌患者放療劑量48 Gy未出現放射性肝炎,而肝功能B級患者放療劑量42 Gy易發生3級以上放射性肝炎。
4小結
現代放療技術在肝細胞癌治療中已取得歷史性進步。早期的患者行放療,可獲類似手術治療的效果;中晚期患者尤其是對手術或TACE有禁忌證的患者行放療也能延長生存期。但是,中晚期患者病灶大、肝硬化嚴重、殘留正常肝體積少以及周圍重要器官耐受量不高等因素,限制了放療劑量的提高,故只有放療與其他有效治療方法聯合應用,療效才有可能進一步提高。
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摘要:近幾年,不同的外照射放射治療技術以及聯合其他治療方法在肝細胞癌治療中取得了較大進展。單純放射治療對早期患者可治愈,對中、晚期患者可延長生命,并可減輕疼痛。放射治療與經導管動脈化療栓塞術或口服索拉非尼或靜脈化療等方法聯用,療效可進一步提高,且毒性可耐受。因目前文獻均局限于Ⅰ期/Ⅱ期臨床試驗或回顧性分析,故放射治療在肝細胞癌綜合治療中的潛在作用,還需要開展Ⅲ期研究來證實。
關鍵詞:肝細胞癌;放射療法;經導管動脈化療栓塞;索拉非尼;化學療法
The Progress of Radiotherapy of Hepatocellular CarcinomaLIANGYong1,HEKe-fei2. (1.DepartmentofOncology,GuipingPeople′sHospital,Guiping537200,China; 2.DepartmentofOncology,ZhujiangHospitalofSouthernMedicalUniversity,Guangzhou510282,China)
Abstract:The external beam radiotherapy alone or combining with other therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma have made greater progress in recent years.It not only can cure hepatocellular carcinoma in early stage,but also can prolong life and reduce pains of patients in advance stage.Radiotherapy may improve the efficiency for advance patients,if combining with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization,sorafenib or chemotherapy,while the toxicity is still tolerable.Since the current literature is from phaseⅠ/Ⅱ clinical study or retrospective analysis,the potential role of radiotherapy in the comprehensive treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma still needs phase Ⅲ study.
Key words:Hepatocellular carcinoma; Radiotherapy; Transactheter arterial chemoembolization; Sorafinib; Chemotherapy
收稿日期:2015-03-10修回日期:2015-05-09編輯:鄭雪
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-2084.2015.16.018
中圖分類號:R730.55
文獻標識碼:A
文章編號:1006-2084(2015)16-2929-04