金星
深挖文本其樂無窮
——以一節初中英語閱讀公開課為例
金星
結合一節閱讀公開課進行反思,分析教師的教學過程,總結出教師基于對教材的深度解析教師,以獨特的視角挖掘教材、解讀文本,在課堂設置上層層遞進,在思想上與學生有深度的交流與碰撞,開辟了閱讀新模式。在閱讀的同時,教師提綱挈領,搭建寫作支架,實現了基于閱讀文本進行寫作的輸出。
深挖文本;閱讀;寫作支架;以讀促寫
美國教育學家舒伯特指出,教科書中的閱讀課文是寫作素材的聚集地、語言現象的展示廳、語法規則的剖析室和文章體裁的示范本(朱惠芳2007)。但大部分教師對教材的理解還不夠深刻,平時的教學缺乏深層思考和精心設計,閱讀教學還停留在讀課文、講語法、重翻譯等形式上,致使閱讀教學形式單一。長此以往,不利于學生綜合語言運用能力的提高。
筆者在參加由浙江外國語學院高歌教授主講的浙江省杭州市余杭區八年級(上)英語閱讀文本解讀培訓中,認真聽了樓翎老師執教的人教版新目標英語八上Unit3 Iam more outgoing thanmy sister Section B 2b公開課的全部內容,聽完這節公開課后,筆者嘆服授課教師對課本的深度解讀:一方面,雖然是一篇很簡單的文本,但是授課教師卻不只做簡單的處理,而是通過仔細設置問題來引導學生理解文本,通過運用三種不同的閱讀方式,對文本進行合理分層并深度解析;另一方面,短短一堂課時間,教師提綱挈領,搭建了寫作支架,以讀促寫,降低了寫作難度,這一點值得研究與借鑒。
(一)教學內容
新目標英語八上Unit3 Section B 2b,包括三篇表達交友觀的短文。
(二)教學背景
學生在教材Section A部分通過聽說活動的訓練,已經掌握了形容詞比較級的用法。這三篇短文都是陳述觀點類的文章,開頭的主題句和結尾的總結句使用了不同的表達方式,顯然教材意向通過含有比較級句子的文章來向學生呈現三種不同陳述觀點的方式。
(三)教學目標
學生能夠熟練運用比較級,在分析人物性格特征、交友方式和掌握文章結構的基礎上,學會搭建寫作支架表達自己的觀點,以讀促寫,提升自己的閱讀能力和寫作能力。
(四)教學過程
閱讀前——激活學生思維,導入話題。
閱讀中——巧析人物關系,以讀促寫。
閱讀后——深挖話題內涵,升華情感。
Step 1:深挖文本,樂在思維
閱讀前——激活學生思維,導入話題
1.執教教師想讓學生成為smart reader,讓學生Talk,read,and think with him。教師首先和學生分享了自己小時候讀過的一本書The Potato Pals:Good Friends,并展示該書對朋友的定義:
(1)Good Friends talk to each other.
(2)Good Friends listen to each other.
(3)Good Friendsplay together.
(4)Good Friends lend things.
(5)Good Friendsshare things.
(6)Good Friendshelp each other.
(7)Good Friendsgive presents.
(8)Good Friendscare.
(9)Friendship isaboutsharing and giving.
2.根據耶魯大學心理學教授PaulBloom對朋友的定義,引入本課主題——Differentpeople think differently about friends.
(1)Distance:The closer you are to someone,the more likely youw illbecome friends.
(2)Similarity:Themore similar you are to someone,themore likely youw illbecome friends.
(3)Familiarity:Themore familiar you arewith someone,themore likely youw illbecome friends.
【聽課后感悟】教師能夠根據閱讀文本的內容、學生的年齡特點及其學習水平,用很簡單卻很準確的故事引入主題。再加上專家的理論依據(三個句子都含有比較級),簡單明了地讓學生既能夠理解本課的重點語法、中心話題,能達到知識的擴展與升華。
Step 2:深挖文本,樂在行為
閱讀中——巧析人物關系,以讀促寫
本閱讀有三段小文章,教師分別用Iteach you how to read(精讀),Iguide you how to read(拉結構模式讀)和let Ss read by themselves(快讀)這三種模式來進行解讀。
1.第一篇文章
(1)教師先呈現整篇文章
JeffGreen
Mymother toldme a good friend is like amirror. I’m quieter andmore serious thanmost kids.That’s why I like reading books and Istudy harder in class. My best friend Yuan Li is quiet too,so we enjoy studying together.I’m shy so it’s noteasy forme to make friends.But Ithink friendsare like books—you don’tneed a lotof them as long as they’regood.
(2)把文章段落拆分成句子,逐句分析。
(3)教師把每一句話中的核心詞匯在幻燈片中提煉出來,和學生一起仔細分析、對比,從而理解文章中人物的性格特點和交友方式。
如,第一句:Mymother toldme a good friend is like am irror.中Mymother toldme,教師可以和學生一起分析:通過這句話,Guesswhatkind of person Jeff is,引導學生回答出Jeff listens to hismother。第二個關鍵詞“m irror”,M irrormeans it is the same,教師和學生一起分析出Jeff likes the friend who is the sameashim。
第二句:I’m quieter andmore serious thanmost kids.(What Jeff is like,He isvery quiet,and serious.)
第三句:That’swhy I like reading books and I study harder in class.(He loves reading and studying.)
第四句:My best friend Yuan Li is quiet too,(Whathis friend is like)sowe enjoy studying together.(Why this isgood)
第五句:I’m so shy it’snoteasy forme tomake friends.(Jeff isshy,doesn’thavemany friends)
第六句:But Ithink friendsare like books—you don’tneed a lotof them as long as they’re good.(Jeff likes books,so we are sure he likes friends because he thinks friends are like books.he doesn’t have many friends,buthe likesgood friends.)
這樣逐句分析下去。直至找到作者的交友觀:Jeff listens to hismother,he isquiet,he is serious,he likes good books,he studies very hard,he is choosy,he doesn’t havemany good friends,he likes only a few good friends.
最后,教師大膽總結:However,Ican’t agree with Jeff.鼓勵學生在閱讀之后大膽地表達自己的觀點。這種逆向思維方式就是在引領學生逐漸地養成Thinking outside the box的思維方式,發展學生的個性思維,讓他們大膽地表達自己的觀點。這往往就是英語教師在課堂上所忽視的對文本的深度解讀和利用,以及對學生思維方式的培養。
(4)通過這樣逐層分析,讓學生在感悟文本中作者觀點的同時,能夠根據主題句、關鍵詞和結束語來總結寫作支架——A Rule of Thumb:When someone isexpressing his/heropinion(表達觀點),his/ heropinion isusuallymadeup of two kindsof sentences:
(1)A Topic Sentence(Opinion).
(2)Supporting Sentences(Body).
2.第二篇文章
教師帶領學生采用拉結構模式讀,通過歸納和演繹的雙重手段,得出段落的基本結構。同樣是全文呈現,再把文章拆分成句子讓學生找出文章中的topic sentences和每一句話中的關鍵詞。教師在此過程中根據學生所指出的關鍵句(it isnotnecessary to be the same.),讓他們在文中找出相對應的支撐點(Can you find the differences?)。總結人物之間的關系(He helpsme to play tennis and Ihelp him to study.)和交友方式(It is good to be different.),最后和學生一起總結寫作支架。
(1)A Topic Sentence(Opinion).
(2)Supporting Sentences(Body).
(3)Conclusion.
3.教師通過前兩篇文章對學生做了引領,第三篇文章則采用讓學生快讀(A Skimm ing&Scanning Exercise)的方式,通過提問,引導學生用第二篇中得出的段落結構去獨立分析。本段的框架通過回答以下7個問題來檢驗自己的閱讀能力和對寫作支架的鞏固。
(1)Do you think thatMary’s friend isa girlora boy?How do you know that?
(2)Do you think thatMary’s friend is a funny person ora boring person?How do you know that?
(3)Do you think that Mary’s friend is a nice person ornot?How do you know that?
(4)Do you think thatMary’s friend isa girlora boy?How do you know that?
(5)Do you think that Mary and her friend are very closer friendsornot?How do you know that?
(6)Do you think that Mary cares her friend or not?How do you know that?
(7)What kind of person does Mary have to be friend?Why?
【聽課后感悟】
第一,教師以獨特的視角深度解讀文本,在課前仔細設置問題,在課堂上與學生進行交流,并在思想上與學生有深度的交流和碰撞,開辟閱讀新模式,以獨特的視角來提高學生對文本的掌控能力,開啟以讀促寫的寫作新模式,進而實現基于閱讀文本而進行寫作輸出的能力。
第二,第一篇文章教師的核心提問是:“What do you think about Jeff?”通過對課文進行逐句的分析,得出Jeff的十大信息框架;第二篇文章主要是通過歸納和演繹的雙重手段得出段落的基本結構;第三篇通過提問,引導學生用第二篇中得出的段落結構框架去獨立分析第三段的框架。
第三,教師分別用精讀(I teach you how to read),拉結構式閱讀(Iguide you how to read)和快讀(let Ss read by themselves)三種不同的閱讀方式來引領學生進行閱讀。每一段小文章都是通過整體呈現全文分層,再把段落拆分成句子,深度挖掘主題句與句子之間的關系,句子與句子之間的關系,找出關鍵詞在段落中的支撐點,總結人物特點等方式來引導學生進入一種全新的閱讀模式——教師是利用課文文本,用英語與學生進行交流,并在思想上與學生有深度的交流和碰撞,既引領學生對文章有所深悟,又幫助學生形成一種新的思維方式。長此以往,學生對文本的掌控能力一定會提高。
第四,讀寫板塊的教學首先要體現教材的編寫意圖,此板塊的教學目標為寫,讀應定位于為寫服務,即以讀促寫。其次由于寫作能力的培養難度最大(李冬梅2005),教師宜設計一些符合學生最近發展區的教學活動,如搭建支架,讓教學目標逐步達成(胡曉娟2014)。在本堂課中,教師深挖教材、提綱挈領,和學生一起總結寫作支架,開啟以讀促寫的寫作新模式,這種以讀促寫的閱讀新模式突破了以往教師傳統單調乏味的閱讀教學模式,能夠讓學生在理解整篇文章的基礎上,既能掌握文中的重點單詞、句型和語法,又能讓學生抓住每段文章的主題句、每個句子的關鍵詞,繼而總結出寫作支架。在提高閱讀速度和理解能力的同時,也為寫作奠定基礎。
Step 3:深挖文本,樂在感悟
閱讀后——深挖話題內涵,升華情感
1.教師通過與學生談論同學之間的友情、交友方式,站在一定的思想高度上,通過13個含有比較級的排比句和非常適合且具有沖擊力的圖片,挑戰當下我們的交友觀,引人深思,升華主題。
In most cases,it is easier for us to choose the ones who aremore like us,the ones whose hobbies aremore similar to us,or the ones who are closer,funnier,and nicer(sowe think)asour friends.
But,in this world,there are different kinds of people,the ones that are not like us at all,the oneswhose ways of life are very strange to us,and the oneswho aremore distant,less funny,and notso nice(sowe think).
Arewew illing tomake friendswith them?
(1)We alwayswant tomake friends with the studentswho getbetter grades than we do,butarewe w illing to make friends with the students whose gradesarenotasgood asours?
(2)We always want to make friends with the oneswho are prettier than we are,butare wew illing tomake friendswith the oneswho are notas pretty as weare?
(3)We always want to make friends with the oneswho are smarter than we are,butarewew illing tomake friendswith theoneswho are notso smart?
(4)We always want to make friends with the ones who are richer than us,but are we w illing to make friendswith theoneswho are less fortunate?
(5)We always want to make friends with the oneswho are bettereducated than us,butarewewilling tomake friendswith theoneswho are lesseducated?
(6)We always want to make friends with the ones who aremore successful,but are we w illing to make friendswith theoneswho are lesssuccessful?
(7)We always want to make friends with the ones who are faster and stronger,but are we w illing to make friends with the ones who are slower and weaker?
(8)We always want to make friends with the ones who are more peaceful,but are we w illing to make friendswith theoneswho aremorehot-blooded?
(9)We always want to make friends with the ones who are more powerful,but are we w illing to make friendswith theoneswho are lesspowerful?
(10)We always want to make friends with the ones who have yellow skin,but are we w illing to make friendswith theoneswith darkeror palerskin?
(11)We alwayswant tomake friendswith the oneswho live closer to us,butarewew illing tomake friendswith the oneswho live far,faraway?
(12)Arewew illing tomake friendswith the ones thatcan fly higher,dive deeper,move fasterand jump farther?
(13)Arewewilling tomake friendswith the only home thatwe have,our planet Earth,so that itwon’t be changed into amore polluted,more dried-up and more dangerousplace forus to live?
2.教師表達自己的觀點,強化德育滲透
Remember:Friendship is not about taking,getting,and having;Friendship is about giving,caring, and sharing.
【聽課后感悟】
一位北京四中校長曾經說過,一堂好課要有知識、有方法、有生活、有境界。一堂好課,學生除了能夠學到知識和方法外,還能學到生活的智慧、人生的態度和人生的哲學,感受到人格的魅力。本課中教師采用逆向思維方式,向學生呈現含有大量比較級的句子,以此提出不同的交友觀進行語言輸入,再配有合適的圖片,非常震撼,值得我們思考。這不僅鞏固了重點,也升華了本課的交友主題,讓學生對本堂課話題有所感悟的同時,更能升華主題情感。之后,學生分組討論話題并用寫作支架來完成寫作。最終,將閱讀成果轉化成為寫作內容,完成由語言輸入到語言輸出的轉換。
如何理解教材、深挖文本一直是我們一線教師在思索的問題,也是亟待解決的問題。聽了樓翎老師的課,再經過高歌老師對閱讀課的深層指導,筆者茅塞頓開,認為深挖課本,其樂無窮——樂在思維、樂在行為、樂在感悟。
引用文獻
胡曉娟.2014.以讀促寫的初中英語寫作教學實踐[J].中小學外語教學(中學篇),(5):23-28.
李冬梅.2005.論合作學習在寫作教學中的應用[J].中小學英語教學與研究,(5):32-35.
朱惠芳.2007.高中英語閱讀與寫作教學互動模式的探析及應用[J].中小學英語教學與研究,(8):42-46.
作者信息:311101,浙江杭州,浙江省杭州市余杭區喬司中學