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多元時代,聊天真難

2015-04-29 00:00:00銘之
新東方英語 2015年5期

If you’re closing in on 50 but want to feel much, much older, teach a college course. I’m doing that now, at 49, and hardly a class goes by when I don’t make an allusion that prompts my students to stare at me as if I just dropped in from the Paleozoic2) era.

I mentioned the movie They Shoot Horses, Don’t They?3) Only one of the 16 students had heard of it. I summarized its significance, riffling through4) the Depression, with which they were familiar, and Jane Fonda’s career, with which they weren’t. Barbarella5) went sailing over their heads. I didn’t dare test my luck with talk of leg warmers6) and Ted Turner7).

I once brought up Vanessa Redgrave8). Blank stares. Greta Garbo9). Ditto. We were a few minutes into a discussion of an essay that repeatedly invoked Proust’s madeleine10) when I realized that almost none of the students understood what the madeleine signified or, for that matter11), who this Proust fellow was.

And these are young women and men bright and diligent enough to have gained admission to Princeton University, which is where our disconnect is playing out.

The bulk of that disconnect, obviously, is generational. Seemingly all of my students know who Gwyneth Paltrow12) is. And with another decade or two of reading and living and being subjected to fossils like me, they’ll assemble a richer inventory of knowledge and trivia, not all of it present-day.

But the pronounced13) narrowness of the cultural terrain that they and I share—the precise limits of the overlap—suggests something additional at work. In a wired world with hundreds of television channels, countless byways in cyberspace and all sorts of technological advances that permit each of us to customize his or her diet of entertainment and information, are common points of reference dwindling? Has the personal niche supplanted the public square?

Both literally and figuratively, the so-called water-cooler show is fading fast, a reality underscored by a fact that I stumbled across in The New Yorker: In the mid-1970s, when the sitcom All in the Family was America’s top-rated television series, more than 50 million people would tune in to a given episode. That was in a country of about 215 million.

I checked on the No. 1 series for the 2012~13 television season. It was NCIS, an episode of which typically drew fewer than 22 million people, even counting those who watched a recording of it within a week of its broadcast. That’s out of nearly 318 million Americans now.

NCIS competes against an unprecedented bounty of original programming and more ways to see new and old shows than ever, what with14) cable networks, subscription services, YouTube, Apple TV and Aereo15).

In movies, there’s a bevy of boutique fare16) that never even opens in theaters but that you can order on demand at home. In music, streaming services17) and Internet and satellite radio stations showcase a dizzying array of songs and performers, few of whom attain widespread recognition. In books, self-publishing has contributed to a marked rise in the number of titles, but it doesn’t take an especially large crowd of readers for a book to become a best seller. Everyone’s on a different page.

With so very much to choose from, a person can stick to one or two preferred micro-genres and subsist entirely on them, while other people gorge on a completely different set of ingredients. You like “Housewives?” Savor them in multiple cities and accents. Food porn? Stuff yourself silly. Vampire fiction? The vein never runs dry.

I brought up this Balkanization18) of experience with Hendrik Hartog, the director of the American studies program at Princeton, and he noted that what’s happening in popular culture mirrors what has transpired at many elite universities, where survey courses19) in literature and history have given way to meditations on more focused themes.

“There’s enormous weight given to specialized knowledge,” he said. “It leaves an absence of connective tissue for students.” Not for nothing, he observed, does his Princeton colleague Daniel Rodgers, an emeritus20) professor of history, call this the “age of fracture.”

It has enormous upsides, and may be for the best21). No single, potentially alienating cultural dogma holds sway. A person can find an individual lens and language through which his or her world comes alive.

And because makers of commercial entertainment don’t have to chase an increasingly apocryphal22) mass audience, they can produce cultish gems, like Girls on HBO and Louie on FX.

But each fosters a separate dialect. Finding a collective vocabulary becomes harder. Although I’m tempted to tell my students that they make me feel like the 2,000-year-old man, I won’t. I might have to fill them in first on Mel Brooks23).

如果你年近50歲,但想體驗更加蒼老的感覺,那就去教一門大學課程。我現在就在教書,年齡49歲,而幾乎每堂課都會出現的情況是,我提到某個典故,引得學生們盯著我看,好像我剛剛從古生代穿越而來。

我提到了電影《他們射馬,不是嗎?》,在16名學生當中,只有一個聽說過這部電影。我總結了這部電影的含義,講到了大蕭條——對此他們很熟悉,講到了主演簡·方達的職業生涯——對此他們不熟悉。他們對《太空英雌芭芭麗娜》一無所知。我更不敢提及護腿套和特德·特納了,還是別碰運氣了。

我曾經提到范尼莎·雷德格雷夫。迎來茫然的眼神。葛麗泰·嘉寶。同上。有一篇散文反復提及普魯斯特的瑪德琳,在對這篇文章進行了幾分鐘的討論后,我意識到幾乎沒有哪位學生知道瑪德琳是指什么。此外,也沒有哪位學生知道普魯斯特這個家伙是誰。

而這些年輕男女都是足夠聰明、勤奮才考進普林斯頓大學的,但我們之間的脫節就發生在這里。

顯然,這種脫節主要是代際性的。貌似我的所有學生都知道格溫妮絲·帕特洛是誰。再花上10年或20年的時間讀書、生活,并與我這樣的老古董打交道之后,他們會積累更豐富的知識與薄物細故,這其中不全是關于現今的事情。

但我與他們共享的文化空間顯然很狹小——重疊區域的界限十分清晰——這表明有其他的因素在起作用。在一個互聯互通的世界里,電視頻道有成百上千個,網絡空間內有無數非主流內容,各種各樣的技術進步使我們每個人都能定制供自己享用的娛樂和信息,人們共同的參照點正在逐漸減少嗎?個人的小眾空間已經取代了公共廣場嗎?

無論是從字面意思上還是從修辭的意義上,所謂的“飲水機秀”正在迅速消失,凸顯這一現實的是我在《紐約客》雜志上偶然讀到的一個事實:在20世紀70年代中期,情景喜劇《全家福》是美國收視率最高的電視連續劇,超過5000萬人會收看其中的某一集。這發生在一個人口大約2.15億的國家。

我核查了2012~2013電視播放季排名第一的電視劇。排名第一的是《海軍罪案調查處》,該劇每集吸引的觀眾通常不到2200萬人,這個數據甚至算上了每集播放后一周之內觀看該集錄像的觀眾。這個數字出自如今人口數量達到將近3.18億的美國。

因為有了有線網絡、訂閱服務、YouTube、蘋果電視和Aereo網絡電視,《海軍罪案調查處》要跟數量史無前例的原創節目和更加多樣的觀看新老節目的方式進行競爭。

電影方面,有很多精品作品從未在電影院放映,但是你可以在家里按需訂購。音樂方面,流媒體服務、互聯網以及衛星廣播電臺展示了大量歌曲和表演者,讓人眼花繚亂,其中得到廣泛認可的表演者沒有幾個。書籍方面,自出版推動了書籍數量的顯著增加,但一本書要想成為暢銷書,并不需要特別龐大的讀者群,每個人都各有所愛。

有了這么大的選擇范圍,一個人可以堅守一兩個偏愛的微類型,并完全借此度日,而其他人則可沉浸在另一套完全不同的素材里。你喜歡“主婦”類型的?那就盡情品評來自不同城市、操著不同口音的主婦吧。喜歡美食秀?那就好好看個夠吧。喜歡吸血鬼小說?此類題材源源不絕。

我曾向普林斯頓大學美國研究課程主任亨德里克·哈托提起這種體驗方面的巴爾干化現象。他指出,流行文化中正在發生的這一切反映出許多名牌大學里業已出現的情形,這些大學的文學概況課和歷史概況課已經讓位給深入研究更加具體的主題的課程。

“專業性知識受到極大的重視,”他說,“這使學生們缺乏對關聯知識的把握。”他又講到,他在普林斯頓大學的同事、歷史學榮譽退休教授丹尼爾·羅杰斯將現在稱為“分裂的時代”,不是沒有道理的。

這樣的時代具有很多的積極面,而且最終可能會有圓滿的結局。沒有哪一種含有排他性潛質的文化教條能占據支配地位。人們可以找到個性化的視角和語言,讓自己的世界變得興味盎然。

而且,由于商業娛樂的制作者不必去追逐越來越虛無縹緲的大眾,他們可以制作有擁躉的小眾精品,像HBO電視網的《都市女孩》和FX電視網的《路易不容易》。

但每一類都促成一種專門用語的產生。要找到共同的詞匯就更難了。雖然我很想告訴我的學生們,他們讓我覺得自己是個2000歲的人,但我不會。我估計還是得先好好跟他們講講梅爾·布魯克斯是誰。

1.water cooler:飲水機,也喻指“(辦公室等閑聊時的)談資”。

2.Paleozoic [?pe?li???z???k] adj. 古生代的

3.They Shoot Horses, Don’t They?:影片《他們射馬,不是嗎?》,由邁克爾·薩拉茲(Michael Sarrazin, 1940~2011)和下文提到的簡·方達(Jane Fonda, 1937~)主演。

4.riffle through:快速瀏覽

5.Barbarella:電影《太空英雌芭芭麗娜》,由簡·方達主演。

6.leg warmer:護腿套,20世紀80年代備受女性追捧的時髦之物

7.Ted Turner:特德·特納(1938~),全美最大的有線電視新聞網CNN的創辦者

8.Vanessa Redgrave:范尼莎·雷德格雷夫(1937~),英國戲劇與電影演員、政治活動家

9.Greta Garbo:葛麗泰·嘉寶(1905~1990),美國20世紀著名電影女演員

10.Proust’s madeleine:普魯斯特的瑪德琳蛋糕。據稱,20世紀法國大文豪普魯斯特在喝茶和吃瑪德琳蛋糕時產生了寫《追憶似水年華》(Rememberance of Things Past)的靈感。

11.for that matter:(用于補充或語氣遞進的陳述)而且

12.Gwyneth Paltrow:格溫妮絲·帕特洛(1972~),美國女演員

13.pronounced [pr??na?nst] adj. 顯著的,明顯的

14.what with:(用于列舉各種理由)由于,因為

15.Aereo:美國一家提供網絡電視服務的公司

16.fare [fe?(r)] n. (尤指娛樂等方面的)精神食糧

17.streaming service:流媒體服務,指以流式傳輸的方式在網絡中傳輸音頻、視頻和其他多媒體文件的媒體格式,可實現多媒體數據的實時播放。

18.Balkanization [?b??lk?na??ze??(?)n] n. 巴爾干化,本義為“(使)分裂成若干個敵對國”,這里喻為“碎片化”。

19.survey course:概況課程

20.emeritus [??mer?t?s] adj. 榮譽退休的

21.for the best:(雖說初時不妙)終于(十分)圓滿了結

22.apocryphal [??p?kr?f(?)l] adj. 真實性可疑的

23.Mel Brooks:梅爾·布魯克斯(1926~),美國影視劇壇的喜劇大師

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