
如果你還認為無人駕駛汽車只存在于科幻小說和電影里,那你就out啦!早在五年前,無人駕駛汽車就已在美國加州上路了。你覺得由機器控制不靠譜,沒人操控不安全?別擔心,種種研究和報告皆已表明:有了無人駕駛汽車,我們的未來會更好。
The companies developing self-driving cars say handing control over to the machines will make the future a far better place. Once robot chauffeurs1) are here, they say, the number of car crashes will plummet. Liberated from the need to keep our hands on the wheel and eyes on the road, drivers will become riders with more time for working, leisure, and staying in touch with loved ones. We’ll free ourselves from the archaic model of the multi-car household. And we won’t waste so much space parking the damn things.
Even the NHTSA2), hardly a starry-eyed3) cheerleader for technological progress, says the advent of vehicles that drive themselves will provide “completely new possibilities for improving highway safety, increasing environmental benefits, expanding mobility, and creating new economic opportunities for jobs and investment.”
The idyllic picture painted by automakers and regulators may sound overblown, but a new report from consulting firm McKinsey Company4) says it is, for the most part, accurate.
Automakers expect to introduce autonomous technology in phases, rolling out5) the cool new features in otherwise conventional cars. In three to five years, we can expect cars to do the heavy lifting6) during traffic jams and highway cruising, but cede7) control to their carbon-based occupants the rest of the time. Beyond that comes the more difficult challenge of driving in urban arenas, where there are far more obstacles and variables, like pedestrians, cyclists, cabbies and the like. That’s a tougher nut to crack8), but our cars will become increasingly autonomous over the next 25 years, and we can expect them to be fully autonomous by 2040.
We’re already well on the way. Google’s fleet9) of self-driving cars has logged more than 700,000 miles without causing an accident. Audi let me pilot its sleek10) prototype from Silicon Valley to Las Vegas earlier this year. And just last week, the bonkers11) Mercedes-Benz robo-car concept was roaming San Francisco.
The McKinsey report, based on research by McKinsey analysts and interviews with industry experts, buys into12) this idea of gradual introduction, and divides its findings in three phases. In the first, which runs through 2020 or so, the impact of autonomous technology will be limited: While self-driving vehicles already have infiltrated industrial and controlled settings like farms and mines, passenger vehicles will remain in the prototype and testing phase. This jibes with13) the timelines laid out by the companies like Mercedes and Nissan, which plan to offer cars with autonomous features by 2020. Audi’s shooting for roughly the same date, and Volvo is targeting 2017 for a large-scale, real-world test involving 100 customers.
The technology will experience growing pains between 2020 and 2035 as the technology begins entering the mainstream. This will require regulators around the world to create comprehensive rules regarding how these cars are developed, tested, approved and licensed. Insurance companies will need to figure out how to change their basic model—drivers pay for individual coverage—to a system where automakers purchase insurance in case of technical failures. Wider adoption of the technology could have ancillary14) impacts, as well. Independent repair shops will become less relevant, for example, as remote diagnostics and over-the-air updates become commonplace, and fewer accidents—one promised benefit of autonomous technology—could mean fewer repairs. Cabbies and Uber15) drivers will become irrelevant. So too could long-haul16) truckers.
Meanwhile, consumers will start to really get accustomed to the idea of giving up the wheel, and they’ll probably like it. Safety benefits should come quickly, as precursors to full autonomy have already had an impact: The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety17) (IIHS) reports a 7 percent reduction in crashes among cars that have a basic forward-collision warning system. Include automatic braking features, and that number is 14 to 15 percent, according to Consumer Reports. More self-driving will mean bigger reductions, which is why autonomous features are a big part of Volvo’s plan to eliminate deaths and serious injuries in its cars by 2020.
And given how much time Americans waste in traffic—111 hours annually per driver, per a study by INRIX18)—that means anyone with one of these cars will be able to significantly boost their productivity.
But it’s in Phase 3, after 2040, that the fun begins. This is the point where autonomous cars become our primary means of transport, and all the rules are up for debate. Just as car design will fundamentally change once things like forward-facing seats, mirrors, and pedals are no longer necessary, the way we structure physical space could evolve: McKinsey predicts that by 2050, we might need just 75 percent of the space we now reserve for parking our cars. Because this is America, that means we get back 5.7 billion square meters of space—enough to hold the Grand Canyon and then some. That’s because autonomous cars can pack themselves together tightly (no need to allow space for humans to exit).
More than that though, our entire idea of car ownership could change. Currently, cars sit unused about 95 percent of the time. That leaves a lot of room for improvement in terms of how we allocate resources.
We won’t stop buying cars altogether—people will still want the option to independently drive and use the vehicle, and have fun doing so—but we will buy fewer cars. Without the need for a human at the helm19), one autonomous vehicle could take the place of two conventional vehicles: If Joan is going golfing and Joe needs to go shopping, a single car could drop Joan off at the club, swing back to the house to take Joe to the supermarket and back, then return to the club and get Joan.
The recurring theme in the McKinsey report is that the consumer wins. Yes, cars crammed full of high-end technology will likely cost several thousand dollars more than they do today. But “drivers” will save money in the form of regained time (spend your commute working instead of driving!) and many fewer accidents: McKinsey pegs20) the savings on repair and health care bills alone at $180 billion in the US, predicting a 90 percent drop in crashes.
The economic boon21) from increased productivity is harder to quantify and McKinsey doesn’t offer a number. After all, there’s no guarantee people will use their commute times to work instead of nap, text, or hone their Candy Crush22) skills. But the general outlook is clear: In a world where we don’t drive, we’re better off.
正在研發無人駕駛汽車的公司稱,把控制權交給機器,會使未來的世界更美好。這些公司聲稱,機器人司機一旦就位,車禍的數量將直線下降。駕駛員無需再手握方向盤,也不用眼睛盯著路面,他們將變成乘客,有更多的時間來工作、放松、與親朋好友保持聯系。我們將打破一個家庭擁有多臺車的舊模式,也不會再浪費那么多的地方來停放這些破東西。

美國國家公路交通安全管理局很少對科技進步持過分樂觀的支持態度。可就連他們都說,自動駕駛汽車的出現將提供“全新的可能性,有助于提高公路交通的安全性,增加環境效益,增強流動性,為就業和投資提供新的經濟機會”。
由汽車制造商和監管機構勾勒出的這種田園般的愿景聽起來似乎言過其實,但麥肯錫咨詢公司發布的一份新報告稱,這種說法大體來說是準確的。
汽車制造商想要分階段引入自動駕駛技術,先在傳統汽車上配置炫酷的新功能。在未來的三到五年,汽車有望在交通擁堵時自動完成麻煩的工作,并在公路上緩慢平穩行駛。但在其他時候,操控權還是要交給車上那些活生生的乘客。除此之外,還有在市區行駛這一更大的挑戰。市區里有更多的障礙,還有行人、騎車人、出租車等更多不確定因素。這才是一個更難解決的問題。不過,在未來的25年中,汽車將變得越來越自動化,并有望在2040年實現全自動控制。
我們已經取得了不錯的進展。谷歌的無人駕駛汽車車隊已經有了行駛70余萬英里無事故的記錄。今年早些時候,我試駕了奧迪的流線型原型車,從硅谷開到了拉斯維加斯。就在上周(編注:英文原文發表于2015年3月),梅賽德斯-奔馳那款瘋狂的自動駕駛概念車還在舊金山疾馳。
麥肯錫的報告是根據其分析人員的研究和對業內專家的采訪寫成的。該報告認可這種逐步引入的思想,并將其調查結果分為三個階段。第一階段從現在開始到2020年左右,自動駕駛技術的影響力還十分有限。雖然無人駕駛汽車已經進入工業和受控的環境,如農場和礦山,但乘用車仍將處于原型車和測試階段。這與梅賽德斯和尼桑等公司設定的時間表一致。這兩家公司計劃于2020年前推出配有自動駕駛功能的汽車。奧迪也瞄準了大致相同的日期。而沃爾沃公司的目標是,在2017年組織一次由100位客戶參加的大規模的、真實環境中的試駕。
2020至2035年,自動駕駛技術將經歷成長的陣痛,因為此時該技術開始成為主流。這就需要世界各地的監管機構制定全面的制度,對無人駕駛汽車如何研發、測試、獲批及發放許可證進行監管。保險公司需要想好如何改變他們的基本經營模式。之前是司機給個人投保,以后則要由汽車制造商購買保險,以防出現技術故障。該技術的更廣泛應用還可能產生一些附帶的影響。比如,由于遠程診斷和在線升級越來越普遍,事故越來越少(這是自動駕駛技術承諾的好處之一),維修也可能減少,所以獨立汽修店將變得無關緊要。出租車司機和“優步”公司的駕駛員也不再重要,長途卡車司機可能也不例外。
與此同時,消費者將開始真正適應并很可能喜歡上這種放棄方向盤的感覺。很快,安全效益將隨之顯現,全自動駕駛技術的先驅已經顯示出了效果:美國公路安全保險協會的報告表明,裝有基礎版前方碰撞預警系統的車輛出事故的幾率降低了7%。根據《消費者報告》,如果將裝有自動制動裝置的車輛也算在內,這一數字是14%到15%。汽車越自動,事故率下降得就越多,這正是沃爾沃公司把自動駕駛功能作為其計劃中的一個重要部分的原因。該公司計劃,截至2020年,乘坐他們的汽車將不再有死亡和重傷出現。
美國人在交通上浪費了大量的時間。英雷克斯公司的一項研究顯示,每位美國駕駛員一年浪費在交通上的時間達111個小時。因此,一個人只要擁有上述任何一輛自動駕駛汽車,就能大幅提高其工作效率。
2040年以后將進入第三階段,這時自動駕駛技術才能帶來樂趣。屆時,無人駕駛汽車成為人們主要的交通工具,所有的交通規則也都可供商榷。一旦前朝向座椅、后視鏡和踏板不再是非有不可的配置,那么汽車設計也會發生根本變化。這樣一來,我們對物理空間的設計也會改變:麥肯錫公司預計,到2050年,我們需要的停車空間可能只是現在空間的75%。因為我們說的是美國,這就意味著我們可以節約出57億平方米的空間——足以容納整個科羅拉多大峽谷,還綽綽有余。這是因為自動駕駛汽車可以緊密地停靠在一起,無需留出供人下車的空間。
不過,還不止于此。我們擁有汽車的想法可能會徹底改變。目前,在大約95%的時間里,汽車都處于閑置狀態。這為我們分配資源留下了很大的提升空間。
總的來說,我們還是會去買車。人們還是想有選擇的權利,能自己駕駛和使用汽車,并從中得到樂趣。不過,我們購買汽車的數量會比以前少。由于無需人來掌舵,一輛自動駕駛汽車可以替代兩輛傳統汽車:如果瓊要去打高爾夫球,而喬需要購物,一輛自動駕駛汽車就能先把瓊送去俱樂部,再回家把喬送到超市,然后再返回俱樂部接瓊。

麥肯錫的報告反復提到的一點是,消費者是贏家。當然,裝滿了高端技術組件的汽車很可能會比現在的汽車貴好幾千美元。但是,“駕駛員”也省了錢,因為節省了時間(上下班途中可以工作,不用開車!),事故也減少了。麥肯錫公司預計,交通事故將減少90%,僅是省下的維修費和醫療費就將達1800億美元。
由生產力提高所帶來的經濟效益更難量化,麥肯錫公司也沒有提供確切的數字。畢竟,我們無法保證人們會把通勤時節約出來的時間花在工作上,而不是小憩、發短信或是提高玩手機游戲《糖果粉碎傳奇》的技術上。不過,整體前景是明朗的:在一個無需自己駕車的世界里,我們會過得更好。
1.chauffeur [????f?(r)] n. 私人司機
2.NHTSA:美國國家公路交通安全管理局(National Highway Traffic Safety Administration)
3.starry-eyed:過分樂觀的;不切實際的
4.McKinsey Company:麥肯錫公司,世界領先的全球管理咨詢公司
5.roll out:推出(新產品)
6.heavy lifting:(需要花費很多力氣的)繁重工作
7.cede [si?d] vt. (常指迫不得已地)讓出
8.a tough nut to crack:難以解決的問題
9.fleet [fli?t] n. 車隊
10.sleek [sli?k] adj. (車輛等)外形流暢雅致的
11.bonkers [?b??k?(r)z] adj. 瘋狂的
12.buy into:相信;接受
13.jibe with:相一致;符合
14.ancillary [?n?s?l?ri] adj. 附屬的;附帶的
15.Uber:美國一家交通網絡公司,總部位于舊金山,提供實時預訂出租車和私家車服務。目前Uber已進入中國市場,中文譯名為“優步”。
16.long-haul:長途的
17.The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety:美國公路安全保險協會
18.INRIX:英雷克斯,美國一家交通信息服務提供商,能為用戶提供實時車輛交通數據。
19.helm [helm] n. 領導位置
20.peg [peɡ] vt. 限定(價格、數量等)
21.boon [bu?n] n. 恩惠;福利
22.Candy Crush:《糖果粉碎傳奇》,一款風靡全球的消除類手機游戲