2.2 不同貯藏條件下不同組織檸檬苦素含量變化
圖2顯示,檸檬苦素主要分布在種子和外果皮中,囊衣次之,汁胞和中果皮中含量最少。采摘時檸檬苦素在種子、外果皮、囊衣、中果皮和汁胞中的含量分別為(1470.04 ± 59.94)、(685.69 ± 30.90)、(121.51 ± 1.07)、(35.08 ± 3.05)和(6.13 ± 0.16) μg·g-1。貯藏過程中,各處理果實中果皮和種子的檸檬苦素含量逐漸下降,在種子中,經4 ℃低溫貯藏的果實檸檬苦素含量最低,下降速度最快,而在中果皮不同貯藏條件差異不明顯。各處理果實外果皮和汁胞中檸檬苦素含量在貯藏第30天,上升達到最高峰,隨后急劇下降然后緩慢下降,汁胞中檸檬苦素含量以4 ℃低溫不包薄膜袋貯藏最高,室溫不包膜貯藏最低。貯藏第30天A、B、C 3種不同貯藏條件汁胞中檸檬苦素含量分別為(47.28 ± 1.91)、(33.64 ± 1.90)和(84.19 ± 5.56) μg·g-1。
2.3 不同貯藏條件下不同組織諾米林含量變化
諾米林主要分布在種子中,外果皮和囊衣次之,汁胞和中果皮中含量最少。采摘時諾米林在種子、外果皮、中果皮、囊衣和汁胞中的含量分別為(1 673.88 ± 0.21)、(140.91 ± 3.50)、(40.2 ± 2.87)、(358.27 ± 12.20)和(22.57 ± 0.35) μg·g-1。貯藏過程中,囊衣和種子中諾米林含量逐漸下降,且4 ℃低溫不包薄膜袋貯藏果實含量最低。外果皮和中果皮中諾米林含量在貯藏過程中先下降后上升然后再下降,在中果皮中,室溫不包薄膜袋果實諾米林含量最高,外果皮中各處理間差異不顯著。汁胞中諾米林含量在貯藏第30天達到最大值然后下降,以室溫包薄膜袋貯藏的果實諾米林含量最高。在貯藏第30天,3種不同貯藏方式汁胞中諾米林含量分別為(68.29 ± 3.60)、(54.71 ± 1.82)和(53.49 ± 2.13) μg·g-1。
3討論
柑橘類果實中主要含有兩類苦味物質,一類是黃酮類化合物,以柚皮苷為主。在柑橘果實生長發育過程中,柚皮苷的含量變化隨著果實成熟度的增加呈現先升高后下降的趨勢且在果實中的分布也極為不均勻(Sun et al, 2005)。沙田柚成熟果實苦味物質主要以柚皮苷為主,主要分布在中果皮和囊衣中,汁胞中含量最少,這與Sun et al(2005)的結果一致。在貯藏過程中各組織柚皮苷含量起伏波動并逐漸上升,說明柚皮苷等黃酮類化合物可能具有采后合成特性。三種貯藏方式相比,在貯藏后期,經4 ℃低溫貯藏的果實其外果皮、中果皮和囊衣中柚皮苷含量最低,這可能因為低溫抑制了柚皮苷的采后合成。而在果實汁胞中,經4 ℃低溫貯藏的果實柚皮苷含量上升速度最快,室溫包膜的果實上升速度最慢,這可能與植物自身的防御反應為提高生物抗氧化性有關,且環境條件變化越明顯其合成速度越快,具體作用機制需要進一步研究。
柑橘類果實中另一類苦味物質是檸檬苦素類化合物,以檸檬苦素和諾米林等為主(眭順照等,2008)。檸檬苦素類化合物的產生是以角鯊烯為起始物,在植物體內通過三萜的生物合成途徑合成。首先在莖部的篩管中經醋酸和甲羥戊酸合成檸檬苦素類似物的最初前體物質諾米林,再向葉、果實和種子轉運(Nakatani, 2001),諾米林經過檸檬苦素群、宜昌根辛群、卡拉敏群以及醋酸酯類檸檬苦素類似物群4個合成途徑最終形成檸檬苦素類化合物(蔡護華和橋永文男,1996)。本研究表明,在成熟沙田柚果實中檸檬苦素和諾米林主要存在種子中,汁胞中含量最低,在貯藏過程中各組織檸檬苦素含量呈現下降趨勢。但檸檬苦素在水溶液中的苦味閾值約為6 mg·kg-1,比柚皮苷的苦味強度高20倍(Kuroyanagi et al, 2008),因此檸檬苦素可能是影響沙田柚口感最主要的苦味成分。
本研究在貯藏第1~30天各處理果實汁胞中檸檬苦素含量急劇上升然后下降,且低溫貯藏的果實汁胞中檸檬苦素含量高于室溫包膜和不包膜的果實。柑橘果實中存在少量檸檬苦素,但卻存在大量的檸檬苦素前體物質-檸檬苦素A環內酯(Breksa et al, 2005),當果實受到迫害時,果汁細胞的細胞質隔膜中的檸檬苦素A環內酯暴露在酸性果汁環境中,同時在檸檬苦素D環內酯水解酶作用下快速轉變成檸檬苦素(蔡護華和橋永文男,1996)。因此貯藏前期檸檬苦素含量的增加可能因為果實在離開樹體后為適應環境變化進行自身調節,在檸檬苦素D環內酯水解酶作用下合成檸檬苦素,且4 ℃低溫脅迫更能促進檸檬苦素合成與轉化,這與丁帆(2010)研究一致。而汁胞中諾米林含量以4 ℃低溫貯藏的果實最低,可能因為低溫環境促進了諾米林作為合成前體向檸檬苦素類似物進行轉化。
王壯(2011)研究了不同地理位置柑橘果實檸檬苦素和諾米林的含量,結果表明其主要受溫度影響,檸檬苦素含量隨溫度的升高呈下降趨勢,而諾米林則呈上升的變化趨勢,這與我們的研究不一致,這可能因為果實在發育和采后過程中苦味物質的作用機制不同。而在外果皮、囊衣和種子中,經4 ℃低溫貯藏的果實柚皮苷和檸檬苦素含量低于室溫貯藏,與汁胞中不一致,這可能因為組織中含水量和酸堿度不同,汁胞在環境脅迫下反應更明顯,而在其他組織存在著脅迫條件下苦味物質的合成與自然衰老過程中物質降解的一個平衡,也可能存在組織間物質轉運,具體原因需要進一步研究。
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Effects of different storage conditions on changes of bitter substance of “Shatian” Pomelo
LIU Ping1,2, HUANG Chun-Xia1,2, DENG Guang-Zhou1,2*, FAN Qi-Jun1,2, NIU Ying1,2
( 1.GuangxiAcademyofSpecialtyCrops, Guilin 541004, China; 2.GuangxiKeyLaboratoryofCitrusBiology, Guilin 541004, China )
Abstract:The “Shatian” Pomelo (Citrus grandis Osbeck) was native to Guangxi, rich in nutrition and for hypertension and diabetes patients to eat. In recent years, there were many problems in the industry, such as quality decreased, smell and bitter generated. The “Shatian” Pomelo were stored under ambient temperature with film (A), ambient temperature without film (B) and 4 ℃ without film (C). Naringin, limonin and nomilin contents in different sues of fruits were determined during storage by high-performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that Naringin as main bittering substance of Shatian” Pomelo was distributed in the albedos and segment membranes. Limonoids mainly distributed in the seeds and flavedos, and nomilin mainly distributed in the seeds. Changes of bittering substance contents were different during storage under three storage conditions. The naringin content slightly increased during storage, while limonin and nomilin contents declined overall with a minor fluctuation. The contents of limonin and nomilin in juice sac increased firstly and then decreased. On the 30th day of storage, A, B and C storage conditions of naringin contents in juice sacs were (0.139 ± 0.006), (0.190 ± 0.009) and (0.194 ± 0.019) mg·g-1respectively and limonin contents were (47.28 ± 1.91), (33.64 ± 1.90) and (84.19 ± 5.56) μg·g-1respectively. Comparing with the A and B storage conditions, the contents of naringin and limonin of fruit juice sac under 4 ℃ low temperature storage (C storage conditions) were the highest. On the contrary, the contents of naringin, limonin and nomilin in flavedos, albedos, segment membranes and seeds were the lowest under C storage condition. This study provides theoretical guides for storage of postharvest “Shatian” Pomelo.
Key words:“Shatian” Pomelo, postharvest storge, HPLC(high-performance liquid chromatography), naringin, limonin, nomilin
DOI:10.11931/guihaia.gxzw201409034
收稿日期:2014-09-16修回日期:2015-03-23
基金項目:廣西自然科學基金(2012GXNSFAA053040);國家現代農業產業技術體系廣西創新團隊建設專項(桂農業發〔2011〕33號);廣西科學研究與技術開發計劃項目(桂科能1347013-9;桂科能14123006-31)[Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi (2012GXNSFAA053040); Guangxi Special Fund for Innovation Team Construction of the National System of Modern Agricultural Technology (〔2011〕33號)]; Scientific Research and Technology Development Project of Guangxi(1347013-9;14123006-31)。
作者簡介:劉萍(1983-),女,山西左權人,碩士,助理研究員,從事采后生物技術與研究工作,(E-mail)liupingsmile@126.com。 *通訊作者:鄧光宙,高級農藝師,從事柑橘品種選育及柑橘無病苗繁育研究工作,(E-mail)dgz66@126.com。
中圖分類號:Q945
文獻標識碼:A
文章編號:1000-3142(2016)06-0658-05
劉萍,黃春霞,鄧光宙,等. 不同貯藏條件對沙田柚果實苦味物質含量的影響[J]. 廣西植物, 2016, 36(6):658-662
LIU P,HUANG CX,DENG GZ,et al. Effects of different storage conditions on changes of bitter substance of “Shatian” Pomelo[J]. Guihaia, 2016, 36(6):658-662