回歸記錄價(jià)值，彰顯時(shí)代表達(dá)

葉永期

記錄事實(shí)，一定要了解幾樣?xùn)|西，第一是中國(guó)的大傳統(tǒng)，《詩(shī)經(jīng)》里來(lái)的大傳統(tǒng)；另外一個(gè)是小傳統(tǒng)，“五四”里來(lái)的小傳統(tǒng)；如果有第三條的話，就是對(duì)外國(guó)文化的了解。

這是詩(shī)人余光中最近從臺(tái)灣發(fā)來(lái)的一段影像，已經(jīng)89歲高齡的他，依然精神矍鑠，思維清晰。他關(guān)心的是中國(guó)紀(jì)錄片事業(yè)的進(jìn)程，而播出他寄語(yǔ)的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)，則是第一屆西湖紀(jì)錄片大會(huì)。

從無(wú)到有，承載歷史

智利導(dǎo)演帕特李西科·古茲曼說(shuō)：“一個(gè)國(guó)家沒(méi)有紀(jì)錄片，就像一個(gè)家庭沒(méi)有相冊(cè)。”紀(jì)錄片作為一種跨時(shí)空跨文化的傳播媒介，改變了人類生命的局限與活動(dòng)地域的局限，承載了思想傳播、社會(huì)記錄、文化傳承、見(jiàn)證歷史及國(guó)家形象傳播的功能。

從新中國(guó)成立到“文化大革命”結(jié)束，紀(jì)錄片幾乎是國(guó)家聲音的傳播，在此之后，紀(jì)錄片又多成為導(dǎo)演主題先行的產(chǎn)物。而因?yàn)槿鄙賯鞑サ钠脚_(tái)和途徑，個(gè)體拍攝的獨(dú)立紀(jì)錄片多為私下的、特定人群間的一次性傳播。

步入新世紀(jì)后，上海紀(jì)實(shí)頻道、湖南金鷹紀(jì)實(shí)頻道加之中央電視臺(tái)紀(jì)錄頻道等的建立，為紀(jì)錄片的新生和傳播提供了有利途徑；網(wǎng)絡(luò)傳播的普及和民間紀(jì)錄片社團(tuán)的興起，也催生了大量的優(yōu)質(zhì)紀(jì)錄片。自此，中國(guó)各種文化形態(tài)的紀(jì)錄片齊頭并進(jìn)：主流媒體的紀(jì)錄片如《故宮》引領(lǐng)了文化方面的主流意識(shí)形態(tài)，獨(dú)立紀(jì)錄片導(dǎo)演杜海濱的《1428》《鐵路沿線》描述了中國(guó)個(gè)體的生存狀態(tài)，香港導(dǎo)演張經(jīng)緯憑借《音樂(lè)人生》斬獲了第46屆金馬獎(jiǎng)的最佳紀(jì)錄片……如此等等，不一而足。

2014年上映的《舌尖上的中國(guó)》更是紀(jì)錄片劃時(shí)代的里程碑，從陽(yáng)春白雪到萬(wàn)人空巷，原本受眾群體單一的中國(guó)紀(jì)錄片，一夜之間成了人們津津樂(lè)道的網(wǎng)紅，其背后，正是中國(guó)紀(jì)錄片市場(chǎng)的成熟。

所以，國(guó)內(nèi)各種為紀(jì)錄片創(chuàng)辦的節(jié)慶，也如火如荼地舉辦起來(lái)。代表著亞洲最高紀(jì)錄片水平的亞洲陽(yáng)光紀(jì)錄片大會(huì)，多次落地成都、廈門(mén)等城市；廣州紀(jì)錄片節(jié)已經(jīng)躋身世界八大紀(jì)錄片節(jié)展。

但讓人感到遺憾的是，被譽(yù)為文創(chuàng)之都，在電影、電視劇、卡通等生產(chǎn)上位列國(guó)內(nèi)城市前列的杭州，卻一直沒(méi)有屬于自己的紀(jì)錄片節(jié)展。

2015年10月，浙江省紀(jì)錄片協(xié)會(huì)成立。成立草案中，明確提出了要舉辦“西湖國(guó)際紀(jì)錄片節(jié)”。

杭州籍女演員、制片人葉璇發(fā)了一條微博：“優(yōu)秀的紀(jì)錄片具有極高的社會(huì)和文化價(jià)值，我作為協(xié)會(huì)會(huì)員，要為保護(hù)流浪動(dòng)物拍一部紀(jì)錄片。”短短1小時(shí)中，收到近千個(gè)點(diǎn)贊。

首屆西湖國(guó)際紀(jì)錄片大會(huì)于2017年4月下旬在中國(guó)美術(shù)學(xué)院象山校區(qū)舉行。

“浙江歷史上紀(jì)錄片有過(guò)小小輝煌，近幾年有些沉寂，我們要缺什么補(bǔ)什么，所以就有了這次西湖國(guó)際紀(jì)錄片大會(huì)。”這是這次盛會(huì)的初衷。

從內(nèi)向外，接軌國(guó)際

雖然還是首屆，但這次大會(huì)前有“國(guó)際”兩字，代表其規(guī)格頗高。本次大會(huì)設(shè)有“D20提名”單元、“大師傳薪”單元、“央視提案”單元、“IDF論壇”單元四大板塊。

大會(huì)開(kāi)幕式的《FACT》主題藝術(shù)展，就是一場(chǎng)頗有國(guó)際范兒的藝術(shù)秀。內(nèi)容集當(dāng)今國(guó)際流行的3D動(dòng)畫(huà)演繹、現(xiàn)代舞表演、電子音樂(lè)于一體。精彩絕倫，引得在場(chǎng)嘉賓掌聲如云。

本屆大會(huì)的重頭戲“D20提名”單元，采取推薦制，由組委會(huì)推舉的國(guó)際提名人征集40部2015年之后創(chuàng)作的紀(jì)錄片，再篩選出20部作品進(jìn)行入圍角逐。來(lái)自中國(guó)、德國(guó)、法國(guó)、加拿大、日本、立陶宛、印度、挪威等國(guó)家的20位著名導(dǎo)演入圍了本次大會(huì)“D20提名”單元。

角逐的過(guò)程與戛納電影節(jié)非常相似，包括奧斯卡最佳紀(jì)錄片獲得者、來(lái)自法國(guó)的伊夫·讓諾先生，中國(guó)紀(jì)錄片《周恩來(lái)外交風(fēng)云》《旋風(fēng)九日》的導(dǎo)演傅紅星先生等來(lái)自4個(gè)國(guó)家的7位評(píng)委組成的評(píng)審團(tuán)，在沙發(fā)上圍成一圈，在兩三天的時(shí)間里連著看完20部入圍的紀(jì)錄片，評(píng)選出最后的大獎(jiǎng)，大獎(jiǎng)得主獲得25萬(wàn)元人民幣獎(jiǎng)金。

伊夫·讓諾先生是法國(guó)馬賽紀(jì)錄片節(jié)創(chuàng)始人、法國(guó)陽(yáng)光紀(jì)錄片節(jié)主席，作為首屆西湖國(guó)際紀(jì)錄片大會(huì)評(píng)委會(huì)主席，他表示：“希望能夠在首屆西湖國(guó)際紀(jì)錄片大會(huì)上傳遞出我們想表達(dá)的、想解釋的，這也是為什么今天我們相聚在此。”他承諾會(huì)有更多的活動(dòng)舉辦，更多的紀(jì)錄片、制片人和導(dǎo)演，共同走到一起分享更多的故事。

杜海濱先生是威尼斯國(guó)際電影節(jié)“地平線”單元最佳紀(jì)錄片獎(jiǎng)獲得者，作為入圍本次大會(huì)“D20提名”單元的導(dǎo)演代表，他坦言：“紀(jì)錄片為我們帶來(lái)的不僅僅是藝術(shù)形式，還有對(duì)人的理解、對(duì)生活世界的感知，以及思考。最重要的是紀(jì)錄片帶給我們一種善意與希望，我代表全世界的同行祝福這個(gè)新生的電影節(jié)在紀(jì)錄片的國(guó)際平臺(tái)上越辦越好！”

最后的獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)，國(guó)際題材和國(guó)際團(tuán)隊(duì)電影也占到半數(shù)以上，反映二戰(zhàn)日軍強(qiáng)征慰安婦罪行的《道歉》獲得年度作品獎(jiǎng)，日本導(dǎo)演大引勇人先生的《交差》獲“評(píng)委特別推薦獎(jiǎng)”，印度導(dǎo)演阿卡·拉古蘭的《穿長(zhǎng)袍的拳擊手》獲“D20年度作者獎(jiǎng)”。

從大到小，鏡頭向下

除了國(guó)際范之外，鏡頭向下，關(guān)注普通人的生活，更是這次西湖國(guó)際紀(jì)錄片大會(huì)的特色之一：三天的時(shí)間里，在大會(huì)上展映的電影，觀眾無(wú)需任何條件，都可以免費(fèi)觀看。

中國(guó)導(dǎo)演金行征先生記述全國(guó)道德模范羅長(zhǎng)姐呵護(hù)病兒的《羅長(zhǎng)姐》獲“D20年度新銳獎(jiǎng)”，中國(guó)導(dǎo)演杜海濱先生講述“90后”的《少年小趙》獲得“IDF年度優(yōu)秀紀(jì)錄片獎(jiǎng)”。這些，都是生動(dòng)反映普通人生活的作品。

而對(duì)于中國(guó)觀眾來(lái)說(shuō)，更耳熟能詳?shù)难胍暭o(jì)錄頻道，也在本次紀(jì)錄片大會(huì)中唱起主角。作為本次活動(dòng)的重要一環(huán)，除了展映囊括了歷史人文、自然地理、社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)等多種類型的紀(jì)錄片之外，還舉行了“CCTV-9紀(jì)錄頻道生態(tài)伙伴大會(huì)”，并組織紀(jì)錄片制作培訓(xùn)會(huì)，邀請(qǐng)國(guó)際資深紀(jì)錄片制作人，對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)一線紀(jì)錄片制作人、導(dǎo)演進(jìn)行專業(yè)培訓(xùn)，提升國(guó)內(nèi)紀(jì)錄片團(tuán)隊(duì)的國(guó)際化視野和國(guó)際化制作水平。

大會(huì)藝術(shù)總監(jiān)、中國(guó)美術(shù)學(xué)院院長(zhǎng)許江特別撰寫(xiě)了一副對(duì)聯(lián)“實(shí)地實(shí)時(shí)實(shí)拍紀(jì)天下人間萬(wàn)千事；真心真意真切錄世上家園春秋情”，來(lái)形容本次大會(huì)。他談到：“在這次大會(huì)上，我們看到了太多記錄者奔忙的身影，看到他們經(jīng)年累月的生命堅(jiān)守，所以我說(shuō)紀(jì)錄片的創(chuàng)造者是追趕真實(shí)的候鳥(niǎo)，是用眼睛記錄生命，揭示生命真實(shí)、生命真相的人。為這些人辦一個(gè)這樣的活動(dòng)是我們的責(zé)任，是社會(huì)的需求，也是我們這個(gè)時(shí)代生活和心靈的品質(zhì)要求。”

是的，首屆西湖國(guó)際紀(jì)錄片大會(huì)，正是以“回歸記錄價(jià)值，彰顯時(shí)代表達(dá)”為主張，向世界展現(xiàn)了“有態(tài)度的影像人”和“有溫度的時(shí)代作品”。

（本文照片由作者提供）

West Lake International Documentary Festival Debuts in Hangzhou

By Ye Yongqi

April 20-22， 2017 saw 20 documentaries exhibited at West Lake International Documentary Festival （IDF）， the first of its kind in Hangzhou， the capital city of Zhejiang province in eastern China. The main venue of the event was the Xiangshan campus of China Academy of Art situated in a scenic and quiet suburb of Hangzhou.

A group of international nominators， chosen by the organizing committee of the festival， first handpicked 40 long and short documentaries created as of 2015. The 20 came from the long list and were screened free of charge at various locations across the city to the general public from April 20 to 22.

The idea for the documentary event in Hangzhou emerged in October 2015 when Zhejiang Documentary Association became operational. The first task it gave to itself was to launch West Lake International Documentary Festival as a regular cultural event in Hangzhou. Ye Xuan， a performance artist and film producer， declared in blog that she was going to make a documentary about saving homeless pets. The blog received nearly 1，000 “l(fā)ike”.

The jury of the festival consisted of seven people from four countries， including French documentary maker Yves Jeanneau， founder of the French Marseille Documentary Festival and winner of the Oscar Award for “Best Documentary”， and Fu Hongxing， a Chinese film director whose best known works include ， and . Mr. Yves Jeanneau served as the chairman of the jury.

The jurors worked like how jurors work at Cannes Film Festival. They sat in a group of sofas， watching all the 20 documentaries within three days. And they voted winners.

， a documentary directed by Tiffany Hsiung about “comfort women” in World War Two， received the Best Documentary Award. directed by Hayato Obiki attained Recommendation Award. directed by Alka Raghuram grabbed D20 Author Award. Chinese documentaries and also received top awards at the festival.

Documentary has experienced ups and downs in China. From the birth of New China in 1949 to the end of Cultural Revolution in 1976， documentaries were exclusively made by the state media on the mainland. In the following years in the 1980s and the 1990s， documentaries largely featured themes created long before filming began. Most documentaries by independent filmmakers during these years didnt have a platform for the public to watch. These documentaries were for private uses among relevant people.

The 21st century saw a number of documentary channels set up in television networks across the country. These new platforms have provided the national audience with opportunities to access documentaries made at home and abroad. Meanwhile， the internet has helped independent filmmakers to air their documentaries online. There have emerged quite a few documentaries that grabbed the national attention such as in 2014. Sunny Side of the Doc， an Asia-wide documentary festival， has been held in several cities in China. Guangzhou Documentary Festival is now one of the top eight international documentary events of the world.

Zhejiang used to make very good documentaries， but it somewhat felt left behind by the surging trend of documentary-making and screening in the country. A city that boasts huge profit in making films， television series and animated films， Hangzhou eventually woke up and Zhejiang Documentary Association came into being.