呂學文 黃文 董蜀華
[摘要] 目的 研究地塞米松對骨關節置換術老年患者術后譫妄及認知功能障礙的影響。 方法 選擇2015年9月~2016年12月在成都醫學院第一附屬醫院擇期行骨關節置換手術的老年患者225例[年齡≥65歲,美國麻醉醫師協會(ASA)Ⅱ~Ⅲ級],采用隨機數字表法將其分為低劑量地塞米松組(D1組)、高劑量地塞米松組(D2組)和對照組(C組),每組各75例。術前1 h,D1組靜脈注射地塞米松10 mg,D2組靜脈注射地塞米松20 mg,C組靜脈注射等量生理鹽水。分別采用意識錯亂評估方法(CAM-CR)、簡易精神狀態量表(MMSE)和視覺模擬評分法(VAS)評估患者術后譫妄、術后認知功能障礙及術后疼痛情況。 結果 D1、D2組患者術后1、3、7 d CAM-CR評分低于C組,MMSE評分高于C組,差異均有高度統計學意義(均P < 0.01),VAS評分與C組比較差異無統計學意義(P > 0.05)。D1、D2組患者術后1、3、7 d CAM-CR、MMSE及VAS評分比較,差異均無統計學意義(均P > 0.05)。D1、D2組患者術后1、3、7 d譫妄及認知功能障礙發生率均低于C組(P < 0.05)。D1、D2組患者術后1、3、7 d譫妄及認知功能障礙發生率比較,差異均無統計學意義(P > 0.05)。 結論 術前應用地塞米松可降低骨關節置換術老年患者術后譫妄及術后認知功能障礙的發生率。
[關鍵詞] 地塞米松;骨關節置換術;譫妄;認知功能障礙;老年患者
[中圖分類號] R687.4 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2017)09(c)-0140-04
[Abstract] Objective To study the effect of Dexamethasone on postoperative delirium and cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients with joint replacement surgery. Methods Two hundred and twenty-five elderly patients with joint replacement surgery [≥65 years old, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Ⅱ-Ⅲ grade] in the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College from September 2015 to December 2016 were selected. These patients were divided into low dose of Dexamethasone group (group D1), high dose of Dexamethasone group (group D2) and control group (group C) by random number table, with 75 cases in each group. One hour before operation, group D1 was given intravenous injection of Dexamethasone 10 mg, group D2 was given intravenous injection of Dexamethasone 20 mg, group C was given intravenous injection of equal quantity of normal saline. The confusion assessment method-Chinese revision (CAM-CR), mini-mental state examination (MMSE) and visual analogue scale (VAS) were used to evaluate postoperative delirium, postoperative cognitive dysfunction and postoperative pain of the patients respectively. Results After operation for 1, 3, 7 days, the scores of CAM-CR in group D1 and D2 were all lower than those of group C, and the scores of MMSE were all higher than those of group C, with statistically significant differences (all P < 0.01), while there were no significant differences of VAS scores compared with those of group C (P > 0.05). There were no significant differences of the scores of CAM-CR, MMSE and VAS after operation for 1, 3, 7 days between group D1 and D2 (all P > 0.05). After operation for 1, 3, 7 days, the incidence of postoperative delirium and cognitive dysfunction were all lower than those of group C, with statistically significant differences (all P < 0.05), while there were no significant differences of the incidence of postoperative delirium and cognitive dysfunction after operation for 1, 3, 7 days between group D1 and D2 (P > 0.05). Conclusion Application of Dexamethasone before operation can reduce the incidence of postoperative delirium and postoperative cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients underwent joint replacement surgery.endprint
[Key words] Dexamethasone; Joint replacement sur?鄄gery; Delirium; Cognitive dysfunction; Elderly patients
老年患者手術在整個外科手術中占很大比例,據相關研究顯示,每年老年患者接受手術超過整個外科手術的40%[1]。老年患者在術后將會面臨一個非常常見的問題,認知和感覺功能降低。這種認知和感覺功能降低早期稱之為術后譫妄(postoperative delirium,POD),進而發展成為術后認知功能障礙(postoperative cognitive dysfunction,POCD),最終會發展成為永久認知功能障礙,即癡呆[2-3]。相關研究顯示,POD發生率為13.2%~41.7%,POCD發生率為8.9%~46.1%[1]。POD和POCD會提高患者術后并發癥發生率,延長住院時間以及消費更多醫療資源,最終影響患者生活質量,提高患者病死率[4]。對于患者而言,手術是一種創傷,會導致神經系統炎性反應,直接影響患者預后。地塞米松是一類糖皮質類激素,廣泛用于抗炎、抗毒、抗過敏、抗風濕等[5]。目前為止,國內外關于地塞米松對老年患者POD和POCD影響的報道相對較少。本研究探討了地塞米松對老年患者POD及POCD的影響,現報道如下:
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選擇2015年9月~2016年12月在成都醫學院第一附屬醫院擇期行骨關節置換術的老年患者225例,采取隨機數字表法將其分為低劑量地塞米松組(D1組)、高劑量地塞米松組(D2組)和對照組(C組),每組各75例。三組患者在年齡、性別、體重、受教育程度、手術時間、麻醉時間、術中失血量、術中阿托品及麻黃堿使用情況比較,差異均無統計學意義(P > 0.05),具有可比性。見表1。本研究經醫院倫理委員會審核通過,所有患者及家屬簽署知情同意書,并自愿接受隨訪。納入標準:①美國麻醉醫師協會(ASA)分級Ⅱ~Ⅲ級;②年齡≥65歲。排除標準:①既往有神經及精神病史者;②目前有服用相關抗神經及抗精神藥物史者;③存在嚴重的心、腦、肝、腎等疾??;④存在嚴重的聽覺、視覺障礙史,文盲以及有溝通障礙者等。
1.2 方法
所有患者入手術室后常規吸氧,監測生命體征(包括心電圖、血氧飽和度、心率),橈動脈穿刺測連續動脈壓。術前1 h,D1組靜脈注射地塞米松(天津金耀藥業有限公司生產,批號:H12020515)10 mg,D2組靜脈注射地塞米松20 mg,C組靜脈注射等量生理鹽水。
麻醉誘導:咪達唑侖0.05 mg/kg、芬太尼3~4 μg/kg、丙泊酚1.5~2.0 mg/kg、羅庫溴銨1.0 mg/kg。氣管插管后行機械通氣(氧流量1%~2%,潮氣量8~10 mL/kg,呼吸頻率10~15次/min,吸呼比1∶2)。
麻醉維持:1%~2%七氟烷吸入,靜脈持續輸注瑞芬太尼0.05~0.01 μg/(kg·min)、順苯磺酸阿曲庫銨1.2~2.0 μg/(kg·min),術中維持BIS值在40~60。手術均由同一組手術醫生完成,術畢清醒拔管送入麻醉后監測治療室(PACU)監護。根據患者的年齡、體重和ASA分級情況,所有患者在術后72 h均接受術后自控鎮痛。
1.3 觀察指標
①觀察三組患者術中情況,包括手術時間、麻醉時間、術中出血量、阿托品及麻黃堿等使用情況。②術前1 d和術后1、3、7 d采用意識錯亂評估方法(confusion assessment method-Chinese revision,CAM-CR)判定患者是否發生POD,依據起病狀態、精神狀態、注意力、思維以及意識變化程度等評估POD情況,CAM-CR評分≥22分被認為發生POD[6]。③采用簡易精神狀態量表(MMSE)判定患者是否發生POCD,依據定向力、記憶力、注意力、計算力、回憶能力、語言能力等項目評估術后認知功能情況,MMSE評分≤23分被認為發生POCD[7]。④采用視覺模擬評分表(VAS)評估患者術后疼痛情況[8],從不同點判定患者疼痛程度,0代表無痛,10代表最痛。
1.4 統計學方法
采用GraphPad Prism 5.0以及SPSS 20.0軟件對所得數據進行統計分析。計量資料以均數±標準差(x±s)表示,多組計量資料比較采用單因素方差分析,計數資料采用χ2檢驗。以P < 0.05為差異有統計學意義。
2 結果
2.1 三組患者不同時間段CAM-CR、MMSE及VAS評分比較
術后1、3、7 d,D1、D2組患者CAM-CR評分均低于C組,MMSE評分均高于C組,差異均有高度統計學意義(均P < 0.01),D1、D2組VAS評分與C組比較差異無統計學意義(P > 0.05)。術后1、3、7 d,D1、D2組患者CAM-CR、MMSE及VAS評分比較,差異均無統計學意義(均P > 0.05)。見圖1。
2.2 三組患者POD及POCD發生率比較
D1和D2組患者術后1、3、7 d POD及POCD發生率均低于C組,差異均有統計學意義(均P < 0.05),D1和D2組患者術后1、3、7 d POD及POCD發生率比較,差異無統計學意義(P > 0.05)。見表2。
3 討論
對于老年患者而言,術后早期發生認知功能減低是非常嚴重的,其影響了老年患者術后恢復,甚者發展為永久性認知功能障礙,嚴重影響老年患者的生活質量[9-10]。根據相關文獻報道,術后早期發生認知功能減低包括POD和POCD[11]。因此,對于老年患者而言,減少其POD和POCD的發生具有非常重要的意義。本研究探討了地塞米松對老年患者POD和POCD的影響,結果發現地塞米松能明顯降低老年患者術后1、3、7 d CAM-CR評分,提高其術后MMSE評分,減少POD和POCD的發生。本研究通過CAM-CR及MMSE評分分別評估老年患者POD和POCD的發生情況。CAM-CR及MMSE評分法是目前公認的可適用于老年早期認知功能障礙的篩查工具[6-7,12-13],其能準確反映老年患者POD和POCD的發生情況。本研究中,三組老年患者術前CAM-CR及MMSE評分無統計學差異,然而,相比于術前水平,三組老年患者術后不同時間段CAM-CR評分均增加,MMSE評分均降低。相比于C組,D1及D2組老年患者術后不同時間段CAM-CR評分均降低,MMSE評分均增加。根據CAM-CR及MMSE評分標準,也發現相比于C組,D1及D2組老年患者術后不同時間段POD和POCD發生率降低。然而,在D1及D2組老年患者術后不同時間段CAM-CR、MMSE評分和POD、POCD發生率均無統計學差異,提示地塞米松降低老年患者POD和POCD發生率可能與其劑量無關。endprint
目前為止,POD和POCD的發生機制仍然是不清楚的。相關文獻顯示,S100β蛋白可作為神經元損傷的標志性蛋白,能用來評價腦損傷的嚴重程度[14]。相關研究也顯示,S100β蛋白也能作為評價認知功能降低的生物學標志物[15-18]。相關研究已顯示,地塞米松能減少S100β蛋白表達,起到相應的神經保護作用[19]。除此之外,地塞米松是臨床上常用的抗炎癥藥物,其機制是通過作用于糖皮質激素受體,從而作用于NF-κB信號通路,最終抑制機體的炎性反應,包括中樞神經系統炎性反應[20]。炎性反應參與了術后POD和POCD發生發展,機體的高炎性反應導致術后POD和POCD的發生[21-22]。因此,地塞米松應用于由手術導致的腦損傷能起到相應的保護作用,從而減少術后POD和POCD的發生。
綜上所述,術前應用地塞米松能有效減少老年患者術后早期POD和POCD的發生。
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(收稿日期:2017-03-13 本文編輯:張瑜杰)endprint