阿依克孜,丁新華,付開赟,吐爾遜·阿合買提,何 江,朱曉華,班小莉,古麗夏提,丁愛琴,郭文超
(1.塔里木大學,新疆阿拉爾 843300;2.新疆農業科學院植物保護研究所/農業部西北荒漠綠洲作物有害生物綜合治理重點實驗室,烏魯木齊 830091;3.哈密市農業技術推廣中心,新疆哈密 839001;4.伊犁州農業技術推廣總站,新疆伊寧 835000;5.新疆農業科學院微生物應用研究所,烏魯木齊 830091)
新疆玉米產區三個玉米螟地理種群發育起點、有效積溫測定與比較研究
阿依克孜1,2,丁新華2,付開赟2,吐爾遜·阿合買提2,何 江2,朱曉華3,班小莉4,古麗夏提3,丁愛琴3,郭文超5
(1.塔里木大學,新疆阿拉爾 843300;2.新疆農業科學院植物保護研究所/農業部西北荒漠綠洲作物有害生物綜合治理重點實驗室,烏魯木齊 830091;3.哈密市農業技術推廣中心,新疆哈密 839001;4.伊犁州農業技術推廣總站,新疆伊寧 835000;5.新疆農業科學院微生物應用研究所,烏魯木齊 830091)
目的研究新疆荒漠綠洲生態區主要玉米螟地理種群室內生物學特性的變異情況,為準確預測預報玉米螟的發生提供參考。方法通過采用直接最優法系統比較烏魯木齊、伊犁伊寧、喀什疏勒三個地理種群各蟲態的歷期、發育起點溫度和有效積溫。結果溫度對不同地理種群各蟲態的卵孵化率、存活率和發育歷期有顯著影響。25~28℃為三個地理種群玉米螟生長發育的最適溫度范圍。不同地理種群各蟲態的發育歷期隨溫度升高而縮短,發育速率隨溫度升高而加快,呈顯著相關。20℃時完成整個世代歷期最長,平均69.57 d,31℃時發育歷期最短,僅為29.9 d。并用直線回歸法,得出不同地理種群各蟲態的發育起點溫度和有效積溫分別為,烏魯木齊卵期14.35℃,54.52日·度、幼蟲期9.93℃,353.25日·度、蛹期12.58℃,81.95日·度、成蟲產卵前期16.27℃,37.52日·度、全世代11.92℃,504.52日·度。伊犁伊寧卵期14.36℃,52.57日·度、幼蟲期9.01℃,346.15日·度、蛹期12.06℃,107.16日·度、成蟲產卵前期16.61℃,36.72日·度、全世代11.32℃,533.41日·度,喀什疏勒卵期14.42℃,50.32日·度、幼蟲期8.99℃,344.97日·度,蛹期11.91℃,105.88日·度,成蟲產卵前期16.38℃,37.95日·度、全世代11.92℃,506.20日·度。結合伊犁伊寧縣氣象資料,推測得出2015、2016年玉米螟在伊犁伊寧縣可以發生的理論代數為分別為2.99和3.13代。結論溫度對玉米螟各蟲態的發育歷期有顯著影響,隨著溫度的升高,各蟲態(齡)的發育歷期逐漸縮短,發育速率加快,25~28℃為最適宜溫度,而超過有效溫度范圍,其生長發育速率均受抑制。在同一溫度下,不同地理種群的平均歷期不同,各蟲態的發育歷期不同,隨著緯度的升高,發育歷期逐漸縮短,發育起點溫度逐漸降低。根據田間玉米螟種群消長動態,結合氣象資料分析,新疆伊犁河谷地區玉米螟雖以2代為主,但已出現第3代,隨氣候變化,玉米螟發生由一年2代逐步變為3代的趨勢。
玉米螟;發育起點;有效積溫;地理變異
【研究意義】玉米螟(Pyraustanubilalis,Hubern)俗稱玉米鉆心蟲,屬鱗翅目Lepidoptera 螟蛾科Pyralidae稈野螟屬Ostrihia,它是我國玉米生產中最重要的害蟲[1],也是造成我國玉米減產的第一大害蟲[2-3],近年來其在新疆南、北疆玉米主產區呈整體爆發態勢,已嚴重影響新疆玉米的生產安全和玉米種植業的持續健康發展。通過對玉米螟開展發育起點及有效積溫等生物學特性的研究,有助于掌握玉米螟種群數量的變化規律,更好地為新疆玉米螟的準確預測預報和綜合防控提供指導。【前人研究進展】由于玉米螟的經濟重要性,我國自20世紀30年代以來就陸續開展了大量研究工作,主要集中在生活習性[4,5]、分布[6,7]、天敵調查[8,9]、滯育機理及影響因子[10-12]、綜合防治[13-15]等方面。在發育起點和有效積溫方面,目前我國已對部分代表性地理種群各蟲態發育歷期和有效積溫等生物學特性做了研究,如涂小云[16]、夏新[17]、王桂清[18]、陳曦[19]、李欣諾[3]等通過研究對比分析了哈爾濱、濟南、昆明、南昌、海口等8個玉米螟種群的地理變異情況。結果表明,在不同實驗條件下,發育歷期、發育起點溫度和有效積溫存在地理變異現象,變異程度因蟲態不同而異。【本研究切入點】新疆圍繞著玉米螟先后開展了大量研究工作,主要集中在其生物學[20]、田間發生特點[21]、形態特征[22]和防治技術[23-25]等方面。但迄今為止還鮮見有關新疆不同玉米螟地理種群發育起點和有效積溫等室內生物學特性的公開報道。研究新疆荒漠綠洲生態區主要玉米螟地理種群室內生物學特性的變異情況。【擬解決的關鍵問題】通過系統對比新疆三個代表性玉米螟種群發育起點和有效積溫的地理變異情況,為新疆玉米螟的準確預測預報、風險分析及綜合防控提供基礎參考資料。
1.1 材 料
供試玉米螟蟲源為采自伊犁州伊寧縣吉里于孜鎮五道橋村(E81°32′22 ",N43°58′18 ")、烏魯木齊市安寧渠新疆農科院綜合試驗場(E88°02′54.0 ",N44°14′8.6 ")、喀什地區疏勒縣庫木西力克鄉15村(E76°22′32 ",N39°13′11 ") 的越冬幼蟲。蟲源經0~5℃低溫解除滯育處理后置于28℃、相對濕度75%、光周期L16:D8的LRH-250-G 型人工氣候箱中飼養,待其化蛹羽化后,用室內第一代供試。幼蟲用喬利[26]人工飼料飼養,成蟲用10%蔗糖水飼養。
1.2 方 法
將不同地理種群室內第1代玉米螟的卵、幼蟲和蛹分別置于 20、22、25、28和31℃,光周期L16:D8的人工氣候箱中觀察其發育歷期。每天記載卵的孵化、幼蟲化蛹和成蟲羽化進度情況,計算各蟲態發育歷期所需時間,并將獲得的結果采用最小二乘方公式計算卵、幼蟲和蛹的發育起點溫度(Lower development threshold,LDT)和有效積溫(Sum of effective temperatures,SET)。每個處理重復3次,各處理卵發育歷期測定的卵塊數為30塊,幼蟲和蛹發育歷期的各處理測定數為96頭。
1.3 數據處理
采用SPSS18.0數據處理系統對實驗數據進行分析。用One-way ANOVA進行方差分析,結果用平均值±標準差(mean±SD)表示,線性回歸用Linear-regression。并用Duncan's新復極差法進行差異顯著性分析。應用“直線最優法”計算玉米螟各蟲態的發育起點溫度和有效積溫。計算公式如下:
T=VK+C;


式中:V是發育速率,K是有效積溫,N是發育歷期,C是發育起點溫度,T是各級溫度數。
2.1不同地理種群玉米螟卵孵化率及幼蟲存活率比較
研究表明,同一溫度下各地理種群的卵孵化率和幼蟲存活率具有顯著差異(P<0.05),其中喀什疏勒最高,其次是伊犁伊寧,烏魯木齊最低。各地理種群玉米螟卵孵化率和幼蟲存活率均隨溫度升高呈先增后降的趨勢,但其最適溫度存在一定差異,具體表現為,烏魯木齊、伊犁伊寧種群在20~25℃其卵孵化率和幼蟲存活率隨溫度的升高顯著增大(P<0.05),25℃時達到最大值,為最適發育溫度,而后隨溫度的進一步增大至31℃時,卵孵化率和幼蟲存活率均略有下降。喀什疏勒地理種群卵孵化和幼蟲存活的最適溫度則為28℃。25~28℃為三個地理種群玉米螟生長發育的最適溫度范圍。
此外,相對于其他供試溫度,三個地理種群在20℃下,卵孵化率和幼蟲存活率均最低,且小于80%。故就溫度對卵孵化率和幼蟲存活率的影響而言,低溫(20℃)和高溫(31℃)均不利于其孵化與存活,但低溫(20℃)和高溫(31℃)相比,低溫(20℃)對其孵化與存活的影響更大。表1
表1 不同地理種群玉米螟在各溫度下的卵孵化率和幼蟲存活率
Table 1 The survival rate of different geographic populations of Asian corn borer larvae and egg hatching rate in different temperature(%)

蟲態Phase地理種群Geographicalpopulation溫度Temperature20℃22℃25℃28℃31℃卵Egg烏魯木齊7323a8730b9602c9571c9484d伊犁伊寧7385a8841b9785c9573d9524d喀什疏勒7420a8955b9595c9631c9574c幼蟲Larva烏魯木齊7396a8021c8750c8333d8125e伊犁伊寧7500a8125b864c8542c8438d喀什疏勒7604a8125b8542c9063d8646e
2.2不同地理種群玉米螟各蟲態發育歷期與發育速率
不同地理種群玉米螟各蟲態的發育歷期顯示,溫度對玉米螟各蟲態的發育歷期有顯著影響。在供試范圍內,三個地理種群均能完成各發育階段的生長發育,隨著溫度的升高,各蟲態(齡)的發育歷期逐漸縮短,發育速率隨溫度升高而加快,各地理種群在不同溫度下的發育歷期為:20℃>22℃>25℃>28℃>31℃,發育速率為:31℃>28℃>25℃>22℃>20℃,其中,烏魯木齊的卵期、幼蟲期、蛹期、產卵前期和全世代在31℃時的發育歷期與20℃時相比分別縮短了66.21%、53.60%、59.10%、71.58%、59.09%。伊犁伊寧的卵期、幼蟲期、蛹期、產卵前期和全世代在31℃時的發育歷期與20℃時相比分別縮短了66.70%、50.11%、59.34%、72.31%、72.31%、57.75%。喀什疏勒的卵期、幼蟲期、蛹期、產卵前期和全世代在31℃時的發育歷期與20℃時相比分別縮短了67.39%、52.79%、59.02%、71.99%、58.99%。同一溫度下,不同地理種群各蟲態的平均歷期不同,同一蟲態的歷期,喀什疏勒的最短,而伊犁伊寧處于喀什疏勒和烏魯木齊之間。不同地理種群各蟲態發育歷期明顯不同,均表現為:幼蟲期>蛹期>產卵前期>卵期。不同地理種群玉米螟各蟲態發育速率。表2,表3
2.3不同地理種群玉米螟各蟲態發育起點與有效積溫比較
根據不同地理種群各蟲態的發育歷期和發育速率求出回歸方程,研究表明,不同地理種群各蟲態的發育速率與溫度的直線回歸方程的相關系數均達到顯著水平,說明該蟲有效積溫模型在此溫度范圍內,能夠很好地模擬該蟲各蟲態發育速率與溫度的關系。表4
根據不同溫度下玉米螟的發育歷期,采用直接最優化法計算得出玉米螟各蟲態的發育起點溫度和有效積溫表明,喀什疏勒卵期的發育起點溫度高于伊犁伊寧和烏魯木齊,而喀什疏勒的幼蟲期、蛹期、和產卵前期的發育起點溫度均低于伊犁伊寧和烏魯木齊,烏魯木齊除卵期外其他蟲態的有效積溫均高于伊犁伊寧。三個地理種群在各蟲態中,幼蟲發育起點溫度均最低,平均為9.31℃,顯著低于成蟲期(16.42℃)、卵期(14.37)、蛹期(12.18℃)和全世代(11.72);有效積溫則相反,全世代(514.71日·度)>幼蟲期(348.12日·度) >蛹期(98.33日·度)>卵期(52.47日·度)>成蟲期(37.40日·度)。表5
表2 不同地理種群玉米螟各蟲態歷期
Table 2 Different geographic populations of Asian corn borer each stage

蟲態Phase地理種群Geographicalpopulation溫度Temperature20℃22℃25℃28℃31℃卵Egg烏魯木齊947±063a707±037b497±056c427±052d320±041e伊犁伊寧940±072a690±055b470±060c403±032d313±035e喀什疏勒920±048a653±057b447±068c397±061d300±026e一齡1stLarvae烏魯木齊699±012a523±043b360±049c296±019d222±042e伊犁伊寧521±041a395±022b281±040c220±040d210±030d喀什疏勒503±016a364±048b240±049c262±049d233±047e二齡2ndLarvae烏魯木齊701±012a303±016b340±049c300±012d278±042d伊犁伊寧683±050a500±012b300±012c300±012c300±012c喀什疏勒647±050a464±048b300±012c295±021c252±050d三齡3rdLarvae烏魯木齊603±017a397±016b400±012b304±019c322±042c伊犁伊寧601±012a305±022b363±049c389±031c323±043d喀什疏勒603±016a386±092b300±012c330±046d300±012e四齡4thLarvae烏魯木齊697±017a488±032b511±031c419±039d378±042e伊犁伊寧721±053a405±022b439±049c415±036c405±038c喀什疏勒700±012a550±053b410±044c410±034c387±034d五齡5thLarvae烏魯木齊1201±021a869±089b710±030c554±050d513±034e伊犁伊寧965±070a832±063b537±056c512±036d502±035d喀什疏勒1100±012a913±037b538±055c538±054c506±024d幼蟲Larvae烏魯木齊3901±012a2579±110b2320±058c1873±076d1810±031e伊犁伊寧3490±121a2435±066b1918±077c1835±078d1741±095e喀什疏勒3552±056a2677±070b1900±090c1836±078d1677±116e蛹Pupa烏魯木齊1100±032a900±033b638±067c530±054d450±050e伊犁伊寧1402±099a1070±076b770±046c700±031d570±071e喀什疏勒1391±099a1030±076b723±046c690±053d570±057e產卵前期Preovipositionperiod烏魯木齊876±083a700±033b439±067c330±034d249±030e伊犁伊寧880±076a669±052b440±053c379±041d241±049e喀什疏勒871±056a620±040b440±056c400±025cd244±050e全世代Generationtime烏魯木齊6768±326a4783±216a3715±184a3039±175a2769±116a伊犁伊寧6656±276a4835±186b3567±156c3248±132cd2812±096d喀什疏勒6678±294a4951±275a3479±116a3254±198a2738±134a
注:表中數據格式為:X±SE,X代表平均值,SE為標準誤;同一行數據后不同字母表示同一蟲期不同溫度差異顯著Duncan 多重比較(P<0.05)
Note:The format of data in the table isX±SE,Xmeans the average,SEis standard error;After the same line of data, different letters indicate the same insect stage, and the difference of temperature is significant. Duncan, multiple comparisons(P<0.05)
表3 不同地理種群玉米螟各蟲態發育速率
Table 3 The developmental rate of each worm in different geographical populations

蟲態Phase地理種群Geographicalpopulation溫度Temperature20℃22℃25℃28℃31℃卵Egg烏魯木齊011014020023031伊犁伊寧011014021025032喀什疏勒011015022025033幼蟲Larvae烏魯木齊003004004005006伊犁伊寧003004005005006喀什疏勒003004005005006蛹Pupa烏魯木齊009011016019022伊犁伊寧007010014014018喀什疏勒007010014014018產卵前期Preovipositionperiod烏魯木齊011014023030040伊犁伊寧011015023026041喀什疏勒011016023025041全世代Thewholegeneration烏魯木齊001002003003004伊犁伊寧002002003003004喀什疏勒001002003003004
表4 不同地理種群玉米螟各蟲態的發育溫度與發育速率之間的相關性
Table 4 The correlation between developmental temperature and developmental duration of different insect populations of corn borer

蟲態Phase地理種群Geographicalpopulation回歸方程Regressionequation相關系數Correlationcoefficent卵Egg烏魯木齊y=00181x-0257109869伊犁伊寧y=00189x-0268909913喀什疏勒y=00195x-0278109831幼蟲Larvae烏魯木齊y=00028x-0022109140伊犁伊寧y=00025x-0015608561喀什疏勒y=00026x-0019709124蛹Coon烏魯木齊y=00122x-0152309957伊犁伊寧y=00092x-0108209814喀什疏勒y=00090x-0101909556產卵前期Preovipositionperiod烏魯木齊y=00264x-0427609909伊犁伊寧y=00258x-0415609462喀什疏勒y=00243x-0379609218全世代Thewholegeneration烏魯木齊y=00019x-0022409762伊犁伊寧y=00018x-0019609649喀什疏勒y=00019x-0021609612
表5 不同地理種群玉米螟各蟲態的發育起點溫度和有效積溫
Table 5 Developmental threshold temperature and effective accumulated temperature of each insect population of corn borer

蟲態Phase地理種群Geographicalpopulation發育起點溫度(℃)Developmentalthreshold有效積溫(d℃)Effectiveaccumulatedtemperature卵Egg烏魯木齊14355452伊犁伊寧14365257喀什疏勒14425032一齡1stLarvae烏魯木齊15023633伊犁伊寧13023514喀什疏勒11823932二齡2ndLarvae烏魯木齊13933859伊犁伊寧13514342喀什疏勒12894274三齡3rdLarvae烏魯木齊9146143伊犁伊寧15993448喀什疏勒10695203四齡4thLarvae烏魯木齊6319018伊犁伊寧11036431喀什疏勒5899301五齡5thLarvae烏魯木齊11579530伊犁伊寧10699021喀什疏勒11798885幼蟲Larvae烏魯木齊99335325伊犁伊寧90134615喀什疏勒89934497蛹Coon烏魯木齊12588195伊犁伊寧120610716喀什疏勒119110588產卵前期Preovipositionperiod烏魯木齊16273752伊犁伊寧16613672喀什疏勒16383795全世代烏魯木齊119250452伊犁伊寧113253341喀什疏勒119250620
2.4 玉米螟發生世代驗證
以伊犁河谷地區玉米螟地理種群為例,其全世代發育起點溫度為11.32℃,有效積溫為533.41日·度。只有當日平均氣溫高于發育起點溫度時,玉米螟發育才得以進行。根據伊犁州伊寧縣氣象局提供的2015年、2016年每日平均氣溫,計算得到該地區各月有效積溫,研究表明,該地區2015、2016全年提供給玉米螟發育的總有效積溫分別為1 599.14日·度、1 671.90日·度,除以全世代有效積溫 533.41日·度,即可測算出該地區2015年和2016年玉米螟發生的理論代數分別為2.99代、3.13代,這表明本地區的氣象條件已基本達到一年發生三代所需積溫。圖1

圖1 伊犁伊寧縣各月有效積溫(日·度)
Fig.1 Effective accumulated temperature per month in Yining County of Yili(d·℃)
發育起點溫度和有效積溫是昆蟲生長發育的基本參數及生物學特征[27]。溫度對昆蟲生長發育具有重要影響,在適合生長發育的范圍內,溫度越高,昆蟲發育速率越快。通過統計玉米螟的發育歷期發現,各溫度下玉米螟隨溫度升高所需時間逐漸縮短,如20 ℃ 下各地理種群完成一個世代分別需要67.68、66.56和66.78 d,31℃下僅需要27.69、28.12 和27.38 d, 此規律與其他多種昆蟲有相似之處[29-31]。25~28℃ 為玉米螟發育的最適溫度范圍,卵孵化率和幼蟲存活率最高,這與袁福香等[28]研究的吉林省一代玉米螟的發生情況基本吻合。
新疆玉米螟地理種群卵、幼蟲、蛹的平均發育起點分別為14.37、9.31和12.18℃;有效積溫則分別為 52.47、348.12和98.33日·度,除幼蟲的發育起點溫度外卵期和蛹期均低于王桂清[18](卵9.65℃、幼蟲10.23℃、蛹9.18℃),楊慧中[4](9.24、10.88和11.98℃)等的相關研究結果,造成這一差異出現的原因可能是不同緯度及氣候條件下玉米螟長期適應當地環境的結果,也可能是由于幼蟲發育歷期個體差異所導致。
陳蓉[21]、劉強[32]等報道新疆伊犁種群每年可發生2個世代,而研究根據2015~2016年氣象資料推算得出玉米螟發生的理論代數分別為2.99代、3.13代,玉米螟的世代發生了變化,這可能是由于以下原因造成的:一是是玉米生育期延長和特種玉米種植面積的擴大,為玉米螟提供了良好的食料來源,二是全球氣候變暖,增加了有效積溫,玉米螟的生長發育速率將加快,發生為害時間提前,發生世代增多,三是由于近年來新疆高溫、多雨,為玉米螟種群擴繁提供了良好的環境。
實驗是在人工氣候箱中進行的,其溫度相對恒定,其他環境因子如濕度、 光周期和光照強度等的設定都是最適宜環境,與實際發育情況存在一定差異,此外,預測數據為氣象臺發布的平均氣溫,與玉米螟實際生存棲息的小環境也有差異,因此,玉米螟在自然變溫條件下的發育起點溫度、有效積溫和年發生代數還有待于進一步研究。
4.1 同一溫度下各地理種群的卵孵化率和幼蟲存活率具有顯著差異(P<0.05),25~28℃為三個地理種群玉米螟生長發育的最適溫度范圍,低于或高于此溫度均不利于其卵孵化與存活,且低溫對其孵化與存活的影響更大。
4.2 溫度對玉米螟各蟲態的發育歷期有顯著影響。隨著溫度的升高,各蟲態(齡)的發育歷期逐漸縮短,發育速率隨溫度升高而加快;其中,31℃時的發育歷期最短,20℃時歷期最長。在同一溫度下,不同地理種群各蟲態的平均歷期不同,同一蟲態的歷期,喀什疏勒的最短,而伊犁伊寧處于喀什疏勒和烏魯木齊之間;不同地理種群各蟲態的發育歷期明顯不同,均表現為:幼蟲期>蛹期>產卵前期>卵期。不同地理種群玉米螟同一齡期下的發育歷期差異不顯著(P>0.05)
4.3 在測試溫度范圍內,玉米螟各蟲態發育溫度與其發育速率存在較顯著的相關性。喀什疏勒卵期的發育起點溫度高于伊犁伊寧和烏魯木齊,而喀什疏勒的幼蟲期、蛹期和產卵前期的發育起點溫度均低于伊犁伊寧和烏魯木齊,烏魯木齊除卵期外其他蟲態的有效積溫均高于伊犁伊寧。在三個地理種群各發育階段均以幼蟲發育起點溫度最低,平均為9.31℃,顯著低于成蟲期(16.42℃)、卵期(14.37)、蛹期(12.18℃)和全世代(11.72)發育起點溫度;而其有效積溫變化趨勢也相同,全世代(514.71日·度)>幼蟲期(348.12日·度) >蛹期(98.33日·度)>卵期(52.47日·度)>成蟲期(37.40日·度)。
4.4 伊犁伊寧縣玉米螟世代發育起點溫度為11.32℃,有效積溫為533.41日·度。根據伊犁州伊寧縣氣象局提供的2015年、2016年每日平均氣溫,測算出該地區2015年和2016年玉米螟發生的理論代數分別為2.99代、3.13代,這表明該地區的氣象條件已基本達到一年發生三代所需的積溫,而通過對伊犁河谷玉米田間玉米螟種群消長動態數據分析,在玉米整個生育期,玉米螟卵和幼蟲的種群數量明顯出現第三個高峰,但第三個高峰卵和幼蟲量明顯低于前兩個高峰期的數值,也進一步驗證了這一研究結果,即在伊犁河谷地區,玉米螟世代雖以2代為主,但已出現第三代,而且隨氣候變化已由 2 代發生區逐步轉變為3代發生區的趨勢。
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ComparisonofBiologicalCharacteristicsof3GeographicalPopulationsandDevelopmentalStagesofOstriniafurnacalis
Aykiz1,2, DING Xin-hua2, FU Kai-yun2, Tursun Ahmat2, HE Jiang2, ZHU Xiao-hua3,BAN Xiao-li4, Gulixiati3, DING Ai-qin3, GUO Wen-chao5
(1.TarimUniversity,AlarXinjiang843300,China; 2.ResearchInstituteofPlantProtection/KeyLaboratoryofIntegratedPestManagementofCropsinChinaNorth-westernOasis,MinistryofAgriculture,P.R.China,XinjiangAcademyofAgriculturalSciences,Urumqi830091,China;3.HamiAgriculturalTechniquesExtensionCenter,HamiXinjiang839001,China; 4.AgriculturalTechnologyExtensionMasterStationofIliPrefecture,YiningXinjiang835000,China; 5.ResearchInstituteofAppliedMicrobiology,XinjiangAcademyofAgriculturalSciences,Urumqi830091,China)
ObjectiveIn order to provide a reference for the accurate prediction of the occurrence of the corn borer, the variation of the indoor biological characteristics of the main corn borer populations in the desert oasis ecological region of Xinjiang was determined.MethodBy using the direct optimal method, the seasonal, developmental threshold temperature (LDT) and effective accumulated temperature (SET) of three geographical populations of Urumqi, Yili, Yining, Kashi and Shule were compared systematically.ResultTemperature had significant effects on the egg hatching rate, survival rate and developmental duration of different geographic populations. 25~28 temperature was the optimum temperature range for the growth and development of corn borer in three geographical populations. The developmental duration of each insect population in different geographic populations was shortened with the increase of temperature, and the development rate was accelerated with the increase of temperature, displaying significant correlation. At 20 ℃, the whole generation had the longest duration, with an. average of 69.57 d, and at 31℃ the developmental duration was the shortest, only 29.9 d. Using linear regression method, the developmental threshold temperature and effective accumulated temperature of different insect populations were obtained. They were: in Urumqi the egg stage was 14.35℃, 54.52 d·℃, the larval stage was 9.93℃, 353.25 d·℃, pupal period was 12.58℃, 81.95 d·℃, prophase of adult egg laying stage was 16.27℃, 37.52 d·℃, and the whole generation was 11.92℃, 504.52 d·℃; In Yili Yining. The egg stage was 14.36℃, 52.57 d·℃, the larvae stage was 9.01℃, 346.15 d·℃, pupal period was 12.06℃, 107.16 d·℃, prophase of adult egg laying stage was 16.61℃, 36.72 d·℃, and the whole generation was 11.32℃, 533.41 d·℃; In Kashi, Shule the egg stage was 14.42℃, 50.32 d·℃, the larvae stage was 8.99℃, 344.97 d·℃, pupal period was 11.91℃, 105.88 d·℃, the prophase of adult egg laying stage was 16.38℃, 37.95 d·℃, and the whole generation was 11.92℃, 506.20 d·℃. Combined with the meteorological data of Yili County of Yining, It can be inferred that the theoretical algebra of 2015-2016 years corn borer in Yili County of Yining can be divided into 2.99 generations and 3.13 generations respectively.ConclusionThe temperature has a significant influence on the developmental stages of each insect state ofPyraustanubilalis. With the increase of temperature, the developmental stages of each instar are gradually shortened, and the rate of development is accelerated. The optimum temperature is between 25℃ and 28℃. The growth rate was inhibited over the effective temperature range. At the same temperature, the average duration of different geographical populations is different, and
the developmental stages of each insect state are different. With the increase of latitude, the developmental period gradually shortened, and the developmental threshold temperature decreased gradually. According to the dynamics of corn borer population in the field, combined with meteorological data analysis, The corn borer in the Yili valley area of Xinjiang is dominated by the second generation, but there have been third generations. With the change of climate, the occurrence of corn borer gradually changed from the second generations to the third generations.
Ostriniafurnacalis; development threshold; effective accumulated temperature; geographical variation
Guo Wen-chao (1966-),male, born in Hebei, Researcher, doctoral tutor, Research direction: Comprehensive control of agricultural pest, (E-mail)gwc1966@163.com
S435.112.6
A
1001-4330(2017)10-1863-12
10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2017.10.012
2017-07-10
國家重點研發計劃項目“北方玉米化肥農藥減施技術集成研究與示范”(SQ2017ZY060067);新疆維吾爾自治區科技支撐項目“新疆玉米主產區玉米螟綠色防控關鍵技術研究與示范”(201531103);農業部西北荒漠綠洲作物有害生物綜合治理重點實驗室開放基金“新疆玉米螟主要天敵資源研究及其優勢天敵控害效益評價”(KFJJ20170103)
阿依克孜(1993-),女,碩士研究生,研究方向為農業害蟲綜合防治,(E-mail)1453308558@qq.com
郭文超(1966-),男,河北人,研究員,博士生導師,研究方向為農業害蟲綜合防治,(E-mail)gwc1966@163.com
Supported by: The National Key Research and Development Program of China "Integrated research and demonstration of fertilizer and pesticide reduction technology in Northern China(SQ2017ZY060067)and Science and technology support project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region "Key green technique research and demonstration for controlling Pyrausta nubilalis in major corn growing district in Xinjiang" (201531103) and Key laboratory opening project fund of Intergraded Management of Harmful Crop Vermin of China North-western Oasis, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China "Research of main natural enemy resources for corn borer and its evaluation of natural enemy activities in Xinjiang "( KFJJ20170103)