淺談分詞的特殊用法

汪蕾

摘要：英語(yǔ)中的分詞是一種非常活躍的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式，它的用法廣泛、靈活、復(fù)雜、多變，與之相關(guān)聯(lián)的問(wèn)題較多。這一內(nèi)容是高中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的重難點(diǎn)。如何能讓學(xué)生更好更快地掌握這部分內(nèi)容對(duì)師生雙方都是棘手的問(wèn)題。通過(guò)多年的教學(xué)體會(huì)，我認(rèn)為，首先學(xué)生要熟練掌握分詞用法的基本規(guī)律，尤其是分詞與其邏輯主語(yǔ)之間的關(guān)系。其次教師可采用歸納法分類總結(jié)實(shí)用的語(yǔ)法考點(diǎn)，同時(shí)運(yùn)用類比法、轉(zhuǎn)換法對(duì)比語(yǔ)言實(shí)際運(yùn)用中的差異，通過(guò)相似性及相異性的對(duì)比加深學(xué)生對(duì)知識(shí)點(diǎn)的理解與記憶。分詞的基礎(chǔ)用法在教材和語(yǔ)法書(shū)中都有較為詳細(xì)的論述，但在實(shí)際運(yùn)用中，分詞還有不少特殊用法，現(xiàn)就多年總結(jié)的分詞高頻考點(diǎn)的幾種特殊用法逐一歸納。

關(guān)鍵詞：英語(yǔ)；分詞

一、 分詞的一般用法

先觀察如下例句，理解分詞在句中的一般用法，對(duì)比之后論述其特殊用法的“特殊”之處。

1. Holding a book in his hand， he came into the classroom.

2. Seen from the hill， the park looks more beautiful.

（分詞在句中作狀語(yǔ)，看非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表達(dá)的動(dòng)作與句子的主語(yǔ)之間的關(guān)系：主動(dòng)關(guān)系用現(xiàn)在分詞，被動(dòng)關(guān)系用過(guò)去分詞）

3. The computer center， opened last year， is very popular among the students.

4. Tell the children playing in the garden not to pick flowers.

（分詞在句子中作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，看非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表達(dá)的動(dòng)作與被修飾名詞之間的關(guān)系：主動(dòng)關(guān)系用現(xiàn)在分詞，被動(dòng)關(guān)系用過(guò)去分詞）

5. I want to get the washing machine repaired as soon as possible.

6. When I entered the room，I found him reading something aloud.

（分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)： 動(dòng)詞see， watch， hear， observe， notice， feel， find， keep， have， get， leave等后跟復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)（名詞或代詞+非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞）。使用何種分詞，取決于非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與賓語(yǔ)之間的關(guān)系：主動(dòng)關(guān)系用現(xiàn)在分詞，被動(dòng)關(guān)系用過(guò)去分詞）

7. The news sounds encouraging.

8. We are disappointed with the film.

（分詞作表語(yǔ)通常看作形容詞來(lái)用。現(xiàn)在分詞表示被修飾名詞的性質(zhì)；過(guò)去分詞表示所修飾名詞的感受或狀態(tài)）

二、 分詞的特殊用法

以下介紹的幾種情況無(wú)需按上述規(guī)律，無(wú)需判斷與邏輯主語(yǔ)之間的主動(dòng)被動(dòng)關(guān)系，具有自身的判斷方法。注意與以上所述分詞的一般用法進(jìn)行對(duì)比。

（一） 表示情感或心理變化的這類動(dòng)詞。在做定、狀、表、補(bǔ)時(shí)，通常情況下，只需看與其相關(guān)的名詞（上述下劃線詞）。修飾人用現(xiàn)在分詞，修飾物用過(guò)去分詞。常見(jiàn)的動(dòng)詞有please， amuse， surprise， shock， amaze， astonish， bore， encourage， inspire， frighten， scare， terrify， annoy， move， touch， puzzle， confuse， tire， exhaust， interest， worry， disappoint， satisfy， embarrass， excite， thrill等。

例：A： I have finished my 1（bore） examination， marking the beginning of my 2（relax and interest） weekends.

B： Congratulations. Having so much free time， what are your plans for the coming weekends？

A： Having heard a lot about Terry Frost， I want to enjoy it tonight.

B： Good idea. I have seen the film. I am 3（fascinate） with the plots and impressed by the scenes.Its 4（amuse） lines are really 5（entertain）. 6（inspire and encourage） by the leading role， I have more faith in myself to face challenges and difficulties in life.

A： What about its ending？

B： Well， the ending is a little bit sad. But you know， A good story doesnt necessarily have a happy ending， but the audience must be left 7（satisfy）.

A： I couldnt agree more.

1，2，4題做定語(yǔ)修飾examination，weekends，lines均為物，用現(xiàn)在分詞。

3，5題做表語(yǔ)，3題修飾I用過(guò)去分詞，5題修飾its lines用現(xiàn)在分詞。endprint

6題做狀語(yǔ)，和它相關(guān)的名詞是句子的主語(yǔ)I，修飾人，用過(guò)去分詞。

7題做賓補(bǔ)，leave的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，應(yīng)為leave the audience satisfied，與satisfy相關(guān)的名詞為the audience修飾人，用過(guò)去分詞。

（二） be+Ved+prep，be+Ved+to V表示系表結(jié)構(gòu)的短語(yǔ)。在使用時(shí)，如其后直接跟prep，或to V，無(wú)需判斷，作分詞的成分，均用過(guò)去分詞。課文例句：

1. He became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.

2. We arranged an interview between the footballer and the man supposed to bribe him.

3. Based on what you know now， you cant clone animals that have been extinct.

例句中be exposed to sth，be supposed to do sth，be based on均為系表結(jié)構(gòu)短語(yǔ)分別充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)，其后直接跟to，on，或to bribe，無(wú)需判斷，作分詞的成分，均用過(guò)去分詞。

同類用法的短語(yǔ)有：be compared to/with， be determined to do sth， be （well） prepared for /to do sth， be addicted to， be lost in， be absorbed in， be/get used to， be/get accustomed to， be located in， be faced with， be devoted to， be known as/for/to， be dressed in， be occupied with/in等。

再觀察如下例句：

1. When the little child caught sight of the young woman dressed in white he started brawling immediately. （盡管與the woman之間構(gòu)成主動(dòng)關(guān)系依然用dressed，以下類同）

2. Seeing the soldiers well prepared for the floodfight， the general nodded with satisfaction.

3. When he came back three hours later， they were still sitting on the sofa， absorbed in conversation.

4. Faced with such difficulty， Jack felt at a loss what to say.

5. Ladies and gentlemen， please remain seated until the plane has come to a complete stop.

若其后未直接跟prep或to V，按分詞的一般用法判斷。

Make a comparison between the past participle and the present participle.

1. Devoting his body and soul to bringing uptodate technology and international attention to Chinas Aids problem， Dr David Ho， spent little time with his family.

2. Devoted to his research work， the professor cared little about any other things.

3. Michaels new house is like a huge palace， compared with his old one.

4. When comparing different cultures， we pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities.

（三） 感官系動(dòng)詞look， sound， feel， taste， smell后常跟形容詞做表語(yǔ)，主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。其分詞形式的判定遵循此規(guī)律。

The flowers smelling sweet in the botanical garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.

Tasting nice and delicious， the fried chicken was soon sold out.

The food smells inviting.

（四） 分詞的懸垂式結(jié)構(gòu)。通常把它們視為固定形式。

1. 某些表示說(shuō)話人態(tài)度的一些慣用分詞表達(dá)，它們?cè)谟米鳡钫Z(yǔ)時(shí)其邏輯主語(yǔ)可以與句子主語(yǔ)不一致。如：

Generally speaking， women live longer than men. 一般說(shuō)來(lái)，女人比男人活得長(zhǎng)。

Judging from what you say， he ought to succeed. 從你的話看，他應(yīng)當(dāng)能成功。

Considering the distance， he arrived very quickly. 考慮到路程，他到達(dá)得很快。

Taking everything into consideration， you should leave. 考慮到各種因素，你最好離開(kāi)。

2. 當(dāng)句子含有先行主語(yǔ)it或there時(shí)，有時(shí)用作狀語(yǔ)的分詞短語(yǔ)可以與先行主語(yǔ)不一致。如：

Having so little time， there was not much that I could do. 由于時(shí)間很少，我能做的事很有限。

Being French， its surprising that shes such a terrible cook. 她是法國(guó)人，但她做飯做得那么糟真是令人感到驚奇。

3. 當(dāng)分詞已轉(zhuǎn)化為介詞或連詞，此時(shí)也無(wú)需考慮主語(yǔ)一致問(wèn)題。如：

Supposing she doesnt come， what shall we do？ 要是她不來(lái)我們?cè)趺崔k？（supposing為連詞，意為“假若”）

Given their inexperience， theyve done a good job. 考慮到他們沒(méi)有經(jīng)驗(yàn)，這工作已做得很不錯(cuò)了。（given為介詞，意為“考慮到”）

4. 當(dāng)分詞暗含的邏輯主語(yǔ)為表示泛指意義的one或you時(shí)，也無(wú)需考慮主語(yǔ)的一致性問(wèn)題。

Doing such work， patience is needed. 做這種工作需要耐心。（=When one does such work， patience is needed.）endprint