袁斌 錢凌
[摘要] 小兒遺尿癥的發病機制十分復雜,目前認為主要涉及中樞神經系統、生理節律以及膀胱功能紊亂,但具體機制迄今尚未完全闡明。臨床觀察中發現兒童原發性遺尿癥(PNE)與注意力缺陷多動障礙(ADHD)密切相關,但其具體相關性尚有待進一步研究揭示。目前研究表明多巴胺神經遞質代謝通路障礙、精神心理因素等是ADHD與PNE的共同發病因素,睡眠覺醒障礙是ADHD導致PNE發生的重要原因。中醫方面,ADHD日久可影響心、肝、脾、肺、腎五臟功能,引發臟腑陰陽失調,髓海失養,出現肺脾氣虛、腎氣虛弱、肝經濕熱、心腎不交等病機,導致遺尿。
[關鍵詞] 注意力缺陷多動障礙;遺尿癥;兒童;發病;相關性
[中圖分類號] R272 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2017)12(a)-0033-04
[Abstract] So far the specific pathogenesis of enuresis in children has not been fully elucidated because of its complexity, it is accepted that central nervous system, circadian rhythm and dysfunction of bladder are mainly involved. Clinical observation finds ADHD is closely related to PNE. However, the specific relevance remains to be further studied and revealed. Recent studies show that disturbsance of metabolic pathway of dopamine transmitter and psychological factors are common risk factors of ADHD and enuresis. Sleep arousal disorders is an important reason for ADHD to cause PNE to happen. ADHD can affect the functions of the heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, leading to the imbalance of yin and yang in viscera, dystrophy of the sea of marrow and causing the deficiency of lung qi and spleen qi, the weakness of kidney qi, dampness-heat of the liver, heart-kidney imbalance, etc. Above pathological changes will ultimately lead to enuresis.
[Key words] Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; Enuresis; Children; Occurrence; Correlation
兒童原發性遺尿癥(PNE)是指年齡5歲及以上兒童平均每周至少2次夜間不自主排尿,并持續3個月以上[1]。資料顯示,歐美地區兒童遺尿癥的發病率為3.8%~18.9%;亞洲地區學齡前PNE發病率高達21.0%~27.8%[2]。小兒遺尿隨年齡增長而日益減少。一般而言,早期男童患病率下降快,后期男女一致,其自發緩解率每年約15%[3-4]。兒童遺尿雖不會對患兒造成急性傷害,但長期夜間遺尿致免疫功能低下,容易引起繼發感染、營養不良、發育落后甚至不孕不育,給患兒及其家庭帶來較大的心理壓力和疾病負擔,對兒童生活質量及身心成長造成嚴重不利影響[5-7]。
目前發現PNE發生與遺傳因素、夜間抗利尿激素分泌不足、中樞睡眠覺醒功能障礙、膀胱功能性容量減少、衛生習慣和精神環境因素等相關。……