我國農村雷電災害防護現狀及對策

烏力吉那仁

摘要 雷電是常見的自然現象，同時也具有一定的危險性。人們很早就認識到了雷電的危險性，隨著社會的發展和科技的進步，雷電災害的防護措施也日漸成熟。但是，農村地區的雷電災害防護卻是容易被忽略的地方，農村居民防雷電知識的缺乏、農村民居防雷電設施的不足都是雷電災害的潛在隱患。近年來，有關農村地區遭受雷電災害造成人員、財產受損的事例也屢見不鮮。本文分析了我國農村地區雷電災害防護現狀，并提出了相應的對策，以期減輕農村地區雷電災害造成的損失。

關鍵詞 雷電災害；農村民居；防護現狀；措施

中圖分類號 P4 文獻標識碼 A 文章編號 1007-5739（2018）14-0294-03

Abstract Lightning is a common natural phenomenon and accompanied by certain dangers.People recognized the dangers of lightning very early.With the development of society and advances in science and technology，the prevention and control measures for lightning disasters have also become increasingly mature.However，the control of lightning disasters in rural areas is easily overlooked.The lack of knowledge about lightning protection for rural residents and the lack of lightning protection facilities in rural residential areas are the potential hidden dangers of lightning disasters.In recent years，cases about the damage of property caused by lightning disasters in rural areas has also been common.In this paper，the current situation of prevention and control of lightning disasters in rural areas was analyzed，and the countermeasures were put forward，so as to reduce the loss of lightning disasters in rural areas.

Key words lightning disaster；rural house；control situation；countermeasure

雷電是伴有閃電和雷鳴的一種云層放電現象，常伴有強烈的大風和暴雨，有時還伴有冰雹和龍卷風[1]。雷電災害發生時極有可能會造成人員和財產受損，因而自古以來，人們就意識到雷電災害的巨大危害性，從直接雷電襲擊到電磁脈沖的猛烈釋放，都極易造成巨額財產損失與人員傷亡，尤其是在人口和建筑物密集的城市中，其危害程度更呈幾何性增長。

近年來，我國每年由雷電災害造成的事故數均在500例以上，且呈逐年上升的趨勢（圖1）。現如今城市建筑中大多有完備的防雷措施，防雷措施的應用可以有效降低雷電災害的危害。雷電防護主要是通過使用避雷針、避雷線、構建避雷網等方式引導雷電泄入土地中，或改變、分流、調整各類建筑物的內部電磁環境，確保建筑物可以安全高效的避雷[2]。……