周和統(tǒng) 黃滿麗
[摘要] 抑郁癥是一種常見(jiàn)的情感性精神障礙,目前發(fā)病機(jī)制尚不明確。抑郁癥有多種生物學(xué)假說(shuō),其中神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)假說(shuō)認(rèn)為,神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子對(duì)神經(jīng)生長(zhǎng)、存活和可塑性具有重要的作用。在哺乳動(dòng)物中,腦源性神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子(BDNF)是一種重要的神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子,BDNF水平的降低可能是抑郁癥發(fā)病的重要機(jī)制之一。度洛西汀是臨床上常用的SNRI類抗抑郁劑,動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)和臨床研究均表明度洛西汀發(fā)揮抗抑郁作用可能與BDNF通路有著緊密的聯(lián)系。BDNF的表達(dá)可能與抗抑郁療效、認(rèn)知功能的改善相關(guān)。本文對(duì)基于BDNF假說(shuō)的度洛西汀治療抑郁癥的研究進(jìn)行綜述。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 抑郁癥;神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子;腦源性神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子;度洛西汀
[中圖分類號(hào)] R749.4 ? ? ? ? ?[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A ? ? ? ? ?[文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2019)25-0166-03
Literature review of duloxetine in the treatment of depression based on the BDNF hypothesis
ZHOU Hetong HUANG Manli
Mental Health Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Mental Disorders, Hangzhou 310009, China
[Abstract] Depression is a common affective disorder, and its pathogenesis is currently unknown. There are a variety of biological hypotheses for depression, in which the neurotrophic hypothesis believes that neurotrophic factors play an important role in nerve growth, survival and plasticity. In mammals, brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF) is an important neurotrophic factor, and the decrease of BDNF level may be one of the important mechanisms of depression. Duloxetine is a commonly used SNRI antidepressant in clinical practice. Both animal experiments and clinical studies have shown that duloxetine may play an antidepressant role and may be closely related to the BDNF pathway. The expression of BDNF may be associated with an improvement in antidepressant efficacy and cognitive function. This article reviews the studies of duloxetine in the treatment of depression based on the BDNF hypothesis.
[Key words] Depression; Neurotrophic factor; Brain-derived neurotrophic factor; Duloxetine
抑郁癥是一種常見(jiàn)的情感性精神障礙,主要臨床癥狀是顯著的情緒低落、快感缺失、意志減退,可伴有認(rèn)知功能損害和軀體癥狀[1]。迄今為止,抑郁癥發(fā)病機(jī)制仍不明確。除了下丘腦-垂體-腎上腺軸(HPA軸)功能異常假說(shuō)、獎(jiǎng)賞通路受損假說(shuō)和單胺能神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)紊亂假說(shuō),近年來(lái),抑郁癥的神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)假說(shuō)越來(lái)越受到研究者的重視。Duman RS等[2]在2006年提出了抑郁癥的神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)假說(shuō),認(rèn)為抑郁癥患者神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子的缺乏,會(huì)導(dǎo)致特定腦區(qū)神經(jīng)元的萎縮,從而導(dǎo)致腦功能的改變。目前已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了4種主要的神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子,包括腦源性神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子(brain-derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)、神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子、神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子-3和神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子-4[3,4]。
1 BDNF與抑郁癥的關(guān)系
BDNF在大腦中廣泛分布,特別是在皮質(zhì)和海馬部位的表達(dá)更豐富,它對(duì)神經(jīng)元的生長(zhǎng)、分化和生存有著重要的促進(jìn)作用,是神經(jīng)可塑性和腦網(wǎng)絡(luò)形成的重要調(diào)控因子。BDNF主要通過(guò)原肌球蛋白激酶B受體(TrkB受體)及促分裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)、磷脂酶C-γ、磷酸肌醇3激酶(PI3K)等下游通路發(fā)揮其生物學(xué)效應(yīng),同時(shí)也可能與上游NMDA受體、AMPA受體及其他通路有關(guān)[5]。BDNF基因位于人類11p13染色體,該基因第196號(hào)核苷酸位點(diǎn)的堿基突變(鳥(niǎo)嘌呤→腺嘌呤),會(huì)使BDNF前體蛋白第66號(hào)氨基酸由纈氨酸變?yōu)榈鞍彼幔芯堪l(fā)現(xiàn)Val66Met基因多態(tài)性可能是抑郁發(fā)生的一個(gè)重要遺傳因素[6,7]。
動(dòng)物應(yīng)激模型證實(shí),應(yīng)激所致的抑郁樣表現(xiàn)伴隨著海馬和前額葉等腦區(qū)BDNF表達(dá)水平顯著下降[8]。BDNF基因敲除的小鼠對(duì)應(yīng)激更加敏感,甚至可能自發(fā)出現(xiàn)抑郁樣行為[9]。對(duì)抑郁癥患者尸腦的研究也發(fā)現(xiàn),在海馬和前額葉等腦區(qū)BDNF的表達(dá)減少[10]。自殺人群Wernicke腦區(qū)的mBDNF濃度下降,與BDNF外顯子Ⅳ的啟動(dòng)子區(qū)高甲基化水平相關(guān)[11]。在抑郁癥患者的血清和腦脊液中,BDNF的表達(dá)較正常人群明顯下降。有研究報(bào)道,MDD患者的血清BDNF水平降低,miR132和miR182水平升高,二者呈負(fù)相關(guān)。且SDS評(píng)分與BDNF水平呈負(fù)相關(guān),與miR132水平呈正相關(guān)。上述結(jié)果提示,BDNF調(diào)節(jié)miRNA或許可被用作抑郁癥診斷和治療的生物標(biāo)記物[12]。
BDNF與5-羥色胺(5-HT)之間存在著雙向調(diào)節(jié)的作用,而突觸5-HT是大多數(shù)抗抑郁藥發(fā)揮作用的靶點(diǎn)。BDNF可以促進(jìn)5-HT能神經(jīng)元的存活和形態(tài)學(xué)的分化,BDNF基因雜合鼠的前腦5-HT水平改變,并且5-HT受體功能受損。5-HT轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體基因敲除鼠的海馬和前額葉皮層的BDNF表達(dá)降低。上述研究表明,BDNF與5-HT通路之間的緊密聯(lián)系,對(duì)抑郁癥的發(fā)病和臨床癥狀有著重要的作用[5,13,14]。
有學(xué)者認(rèn)為,目前臨床上常用的抗抑郁劑和物理治療,如電休克治療和重復(fù)經(jīng)顱磁刺激治療,均可能通過(guò)促進(jìn)大腦BDNF的表達(dá),從而改善神經(jīng)元的功能和突觸的可塑性,發(fā)揮抗抑郁的療效。既往的一項(xiàng)Meta分析提示,經(jīng)過(guò)抗抑郁劑治療的患者,其血清BDNF表達(dá)的水平均增高,但與臨床癥狀的改善無(wú)明確的關(guān)系[6]。研究認(rèn)為,BDNF的mBDNF/TrkB等信號(hào)通路,可能是抗抑郁治療的重要靶點(diǎn)[7]。
2 度洛西汀治療抑郁癥與BDNF的關(guān)系研究
度洛西汀是臨床上廣泛使用的一種5-HT和去甲腎上腺素(NE)雙通道抗抑郁劑(SNRI類)。除了針對(duì)5-HT通路,度洛西汀也會(huì)作用于NE通路,包括NE受體的激活、β-腎上腺素受體的去極化等,可能參與了BDNF介導(dǎo)的海馬區(qū)神經(jīng)形成,從而發(fā)揮藥物的抗抑郁作用[15]。目前,有不少研究從BDNF的角度探索了度洛西汀對(duì)抑郁癥的治療機(jī)制。
近10年來(lái),多項(xiàng)動(dòng)物試驗(yàn)表明度洛西汀長(zhǎng)期使用可顯著升高小/大鼠的腦BDNF水平。2007年一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),雄性Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠在接受3周度洛西汀灌胃后,前額葉的外顯子Ⅴ BDNF mRNA水平顯著升高,突觸體而非細(xì)胞液的成熟BDNF水平也顯著升高,提示度洛西汀可能影響B(tài)DNF在亞細(xì)胞水平的再分布[16]。2008年的另一項(xiàng)研究也發(fā)現(xiàn),接受2周度洛西汀灌胃后,Wistar大鼠前額葉和腦脊液的BDNF總水平顯著升高,但外周血漿、血清的BDNF水平無(wú)明顯變化[17]。2009年一研究發(fā)現(xiàn),接受3周度洛西汀處理的SD大鼠與對(duì)照組大鼠相比,在急性游泳應(yīng)激后,雖然兩組的BDNF外顯子Ⅳ水平均升高,但僅試驗(yàn)組的外顯子Ⅵ、Ⅸ和突觸體的成熟BDNF水平顯著升高,這提示度洛西汀的藥理學(xué)干預(yù)能使神經(jīng)保護(hù)通路發(fā)揮更好的應(yīng)激應(yīng)對(duì)[18]。2010年一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),度洛西汀長(zhǎng)期治療可使SERT基因敲除大鼠海馬和前額葉的BDNF mRNA外顯子Ⅳ表達(dá)恢復(fù)正常,提示度洛西汀可能是通過(guò)此機(jī)制恢復(fù)正常的神經(jīng)可塑性,從而發(fā)揮抗抑郁的作用[19]。2013年一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),接受3周度洛西汀和米氮平聯(lián)合處理后,小鼠強(qiáng)迫游泳表現(xiàn)得到改善,皮質(zhì)和海馬BDNF mRNA水平顯著增加,且抗凋亡蛋白(Bcl-2、Bcl-xL)水平升高,促凋亡蛋白(Bax、P53、Bad)水平下降[20]。2016年國(guó)內(nèi)研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn),雄性小鼠若在青少年早期經(jīng)歷社會(huì)挫敗壓力,則在成年期會(huì)出現(xiàn)認(rèn)知靈活性損害伴BDNF水平下降,而成年早期使用度洛西汀干預(yù),可以逆轉(zhuǎn)此認(rèn)知功能缺陷并增加mPFC的BDNF水平[21]。
多項(xiàng)臨床研究也表明了BDNF可能在度洛西汀改善抑郁癥狀中發(fā)揮著重要的作用。2014年的一項(xiàng)研究納入25例抑郁癥患者,接受為期6周的度洛西汀治療,并發(fā)現(xiàn)基線時(shí)外周血BDNF水平越高的患者,其抑郁癥狀改善的程度越明顯[22]。2015年一項(xiàng)研究給予32例MDD患者和30例正常者12周度洛西汀治療,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),基線時(shí)MDD組的BDNF水平顯著低于正常組,接受度洛西汀治療后,早期無(wú)反應(yīng)者(ENR)的BDNF水平升高至正常,早期有反應(yīng)者(ER)BDNF則幾乎無(wú)改變,提示ENR與ER可能有不同的神經(jīng)生物背景[23]。同年,另一項(xiàng)臨床研究表明,度洛西汀治療早期血清BDNF的升高,與治療后注意功能的改善相關(guān)[24]。2017年國(guó)內(nèi)的一項(xiàng)研究納入了35例未用藥抑郁癥患者及正常對(duì)照,使用西酞普蘭或度洛西汀治療8周,基線及治療結(jié)束后分別測(cè)量血清tPA、BDNF、TrkB、proBDNF和p75NTR的水平,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),基線時(shí)抑郁癥患者的血清tPA、BDNF以及BDNF/proBDNF比值顯著低于正常對(duì)照,TrkB、proBDNF和p75NTR高于正常對(duì)照。治療8周后,tPA、BDNF、proBDNF、BDNF/proBDNF比值逆轉(zhuǎn),但p75NTR較基線升高,TrkB無(wú)顯著變化。這五種蛋白質(zhì)聯(lián)合起來(lái)具有很好的診斷表現(xiàn)(AUC0.977),敏感性88.1%,特異性92.7%[25]。
綜上所述,BDNF在抑郁癥的發(fā)病中起著重要的作用。度洛西汀作為一種雙通道抗抑郁劑,可能通過(guò)BDNF相關(guān)的信號(hào)通路發(fā)揮抗抑郁的作用。BDNF可能是度洛西汀發(fā)揮抗抑郁的療效、改善抑郁癥患者認(rèn)知功能重要的調(diào)控介質(zhì)。
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(收稿日期:2018-07-27)