姜德穎



[摘要] 目的 研究產后深靜脈血栓(DVT)患者血清CD40配體(CD40L)含量與凝血及血小板功能、炎癥反應程度的相關性。 方法 選取2017年6月~2019年8月我院分娩后發生深靜脈血栓的產婦作為DVT組,另選取同期我院分娩后健康的產婦作為對照A組及正常體檢女性(未妊娠)作為對照B組。測定外周血中CD40L及凝血指標、血小板功能參數及炎癥細胞因子。 結果 DVT組CD40L水平明顯高于對照A組及對照B組,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05)。DVT組APTT、PT水平低于對照A組及對照B組,D-D、FIB水平明顯高于對照A組及對照B組;對照A組APTT、PT水平低于對照B組,D-D、FIB水平明顯高于對照B組,差異均有統計學意義(P<0.05)。DVT組PAF、P-selectin、vWF水平明顯高于對照A組及對照B組,對照A組PAF、P-selectin、vWF水平明顯高于對照B組,差異均有統計學意義(P<0.05)。DVT組TNF-α、IL-10、CRP水平明顯高于對照A組及對照B組,對照A組TNF-α、IL-10、CRP的水平明顯高于對照B組,差異均有統計學意義(P<0.05)。CD40L與APTT、PT呈負相關,與D-D、FIB、PAF、P-selectin、vWF、TNF-α、IL-10、CRP呈正相關(P<0.05)。 結論 CD40L的增多能促進分娩后產婦的凝血、血小板聚集及活化炎癥反應,從而增加深靜脈血栓的發生率。
[關鍵詞] 深靜脈血栓;分娩;CD40配體;凝血功能;血小板活化;炎癥反應
[中圖分類號] R714.46? ? ? ? ? [文獻標識碼] B? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-9701(2020)09-0052-04
[Abstract] Objective To study the correlation between serum CD40 ligand(CD40L) content and blood coagulation, platelet function, and inflammatory response in patients with postpartum deep venous thrombosis(DVT). Methods The women with DVT after delivery treated in our hospital from June 2017 to August 2019 were selected as the DVT group, and the healthy women after delivery admitted to our hospital during the same period were selected as the control group A and the women undergoing normal physical examination(not pregnant) were selected as the control group B. CD40L and coagulation parameters, platelet function parameters and inflammatory cytokines were measured in peripheral blood. Results The CD40L level in DVT group was significantly higher than that in control group A and control group B, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05); activated partial thromboplastin time(APTT) and prothrombin time(PT) levels in DVT group were lower than those in control group A and control B,and D-dimer(D-D) and fibrinogen(FIB) levels were significantly higher than those in control A and control group B; APTT and PT levels in control group A were lower than those in control group B, and D-D and FIB levels were significant higher than those in control group B, and the differences between the groups were statistically significant(P<0.05). The levels of Platelet-Activating Factor(PAF), P-selectin, and von Willebrand factor(vWF) in DVT group were significantly higher than those in the control group A and B, and the levels of PAF, P-selectin, and vWF in the control group A were significantly higher than those in the control group B, and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-10(IL-10), and C-reactive protein(CRP) in DVT group were significantly higher than those in the control group A and B, and the levels of TNF-α, IL-10, and CRP in the control group A were significantly higher than those in the control group B, and the differences between the groups were statistically significant(P<0.05). CD40L was negatively correlated with APTT and PT, and positively correlated with D-D, FIB, PAF, P-selectin, vWF, TNF-α, IL-10, and CRP(P<0.05). Conclusion The increase of CD40L can promote maternal coagulation, platelet aggregation and activate inflammatory response after delivery, thereby increasing the incidence of DVT.
[Key words] Deep vein thrombosis; Delivery; CD40 ligand; Coagulation function; Platelet activation; Inflammatory response
剖宮產是臨床常見分娩方式之一,由于剖宮產后產婦血液處于高凝狀態,且在床上休息時間較長,導致下肢靜脈血回流受阻,易引起下肢深靜脈血栓(deep venous thrombosis,DVT)。下肢DVT不僅會引起下肢疼痛、腫脹,嚴重者甚至發生肺栓塞,威脅患者的生命安全。DVT的發生過程較為復雜,其中涉及到內皮損傷、凝血系統、炎癥反應等,但其具體發生機制尚未完全明確。目前研究認為,CD40配體(Cluster? of Differentiation 40 ligand,CD40L)在凝血系統、炎癥反應的調節中具有重要作用,因此為明確CD40L在DVT形成中的作用,本文對我院分娩后深靜脈血栓患者進行研究,對比分娩后正常產婦及正常健康人群,進一步分析CD40L與患者凝血功能、炎癥反應的關系,現報道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選擇2017年6月~2019年8月我院分娩后發生深靜脈血栓的產婦作為DVT組。另選取同期我院分娩后健康的產婦作為對照A組及正常體檢女性作為對照B組。本研究經我院醫學倫理委員會批準通過。DVT組共52例,年齡23~35歲,平均(29.33±3.58)歲,初產婦31例、經產婦21例;對照A組共80例,年齡22~36歲,平均(28.93±3.41)歲,初產婦48例、經產婦32例;對照B組共50例,年齡25~37歲,平均(29.51±6.42)歲。三組資料比較,差異無統計學意義(P>0.05)。
納入標準[5]:(1)經檢查和診斷符合DVT診斷標準者;(2)自愿參加本研究并簽字者;(3)年齡20~50歲者。
排除標準[5]:(1)合并血管畸形、自身免疫疾病、血液系統疾病者等;(2)惡性腫瘤者;(3)同時參與其他研究者。
1.2 方法
分娩24 h后對所有研究對象進行血液標本采集,采集5 mL血液標本,通過酶聯免疫吸附法(試劑盒購自上海西唐公司)檢測研究對象CD40L、血小板活化因子(Platelet activating factor,PAF)、腫瘤壞死因子-α(Tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白細胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、白細胞介素-10(interleukin-10,IL-10)、C反應蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)的含量,流式細胞術(試劑盒購自上海碧云天公司)測定P-選擇素(P-selectin)、血管性血友病因子(von Willebrand factor,vWF)的水平,采用凝血儀(北京普朗醫療器械公司)測定凝血酶原時間(Prothrombin time,PT)、部分活化凝血酶時間(activated partial thrombin time,APTT)、D-二聚體(D-dimer,D-D)、纖維蛋白原(Fibrinogen,FIB)的水平。
1.3 觀察指標
觀察三組患者外周血CD40L水平、凝血功能(APTT、PT、D-D、FIB)、血小板功能(PAF、P-selectin、vWF)及炎癥細胞因子水平(TNF-α、IL-10、CRP),分析CD40L與凝血功能、血小板功能和炎癥細胞因子水平的關系。
1.4 統計學方法
采用SPSS 18.0統計軟件進行分析,計量資料以(x±s)表示,采用LSD-t檢驗,計數資料以百分比表示,采用χ2檢驗,多組間比較采用方差分析,相關性分析采用Pearson計算相關性,P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。
2 結果
2.1 三組外周血中CD40L水平比較
DVT組CD40L水平明顯高于對照A組及對照B組,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05)。見表1。
2.2 三組凝血指標水平比較
DVT組APTT、PT水平低于對照A組及對照B組,D-D、FIB水平明顯高于對照A組及對照B組;對照A組APTT、PT水平低于對照B組,D-D、FIB水平明顯高于對照B組,差異均有統計學意義(P<0.05)。見表2。
2.3 三組血小板功能指標水平比較
DVT組PAF、P-selectin、vWF水平明顯高于對照A組及對照B組,對照A組PAF、P-selectin、vWF水平明顯高于對照B組,差異均有統計學意義(P<0.05)。見表3。
2.4 三組炎癥細胞因子水平比較
DVT組TNF-α、IL-10、CRP水平明顯高于對照A組及對照B組,對照A組TNF-α、IL-10、CRP的水平明顯高于對照B組,差異均有統計學意義(P<0.05)。見表4。
2.5 CD40L與凝血功能、血小板功能和炎癥細胞因子水平的關系
CD40L與APTT、PT呈負相關,與D-D、FIB、PAF、P-selectin、vWF、TNF-α、IL-10、CRP呈正相關(P<0.05)。見表5。
3 討論
DVT是分娩后嚴重并發癥之一,DVT可能引起血栓脫落,造成患者肺栓塞,危及患者生命,因此對產后DVT的預防尤為重要,也是人們關注的重點內容[6-7]。目前研究顯示[8],DVT栓子中具有大量炎癥細胞和血小板,這一發現證實了DVT的發生發展與炎癥細胞及血小板聚集有密切關系。CD40L是目前研究的熱門因子,其在與CD40結合后具有調控血小板和炎癥細胞運動的作用,是局部浸潤趨化因子。目前多數關于腦梗死、心肌梗死的研究中發現上述患者外周血CD40L、CD40水平明顯升高,也一定程度說明了CD40L與血栓的關系[9-10]。因此本文對我院分娩后DVT患者進行研究,對比分娩后正常產婦及健康人群,結果發現,DVT組CD40L水平明顯高于對照A組和對照B組,表明CD40L的升高與分娩后產婦DVT的發生具有密切關系。
由于血液高凝狀態是DVT的直接誘因,因此本文對三組研究對象進行凝血功能觀察。FIB又稱為凝血因子,主要由干細胞合成,能促進紅細胞聚集,使血液處于高凝狀態,此時APTT和PT明顯縮短。在機體處于高凝狀態時,纖溶系統代償性激活,對血栓內纖維蛋白進行水解,水解后得到D-D,因此血液中D-D水平明顯升高,臨床也通常利用檢測D-D水平來評估凝血系統[11-12]。在本研究中,DVT組APTT、PT水平明顯縮短,D-D、FIB水平明顯高于對照A組和對照B組,表明DVT組血液處于高凝狀態,凝血功能亢進,纖溶系統代償性亢進,最終導致DVT發生,進一步分析CD40L與凝血功能的相關性發現:DVT組CD40L與APTT、PT呈負相關,與D-D、FIB呈正相關,結果表明,隨著CD40L水平升高,血液高凝狀態及纖溶亢進狀態越嚴重,結合CD40L的生物學活性提示升高的CD40L可能通過激活血小板及炎癥反應的途徑來造成高凝狀態及纖溶亢進狀態。
CD40L能活化血小板,激活炎癥反應,因此本文對三組研究對象的血小板、炎癥因子進行分析。PAF是目前已知自強的血小板聚集誘導因子,可促進血小板的聚集[13];P-selectin是粘附血小板α顆粒和致密顆粒的分子,在血小板活化和聚集中起到粘附作用[14];vWF是一類大分子糖蛋白,能橋接血小板與血管膠原纖維,促進血小板活化和聚集[15]。TNF-α、IL-10是由單核巨噬細胞及淋巴細胞分泌,CRP由肝細胞分泌,是介導炎癥反應的主要炎癥因子[16]。本文通過對三組患者進行上述因子分析,結果顯示,DVT組PAF、P-selectin、vWF、TNF-α、IL-10、CRP的水平明顯高于對照A組及對照B組,結果表明孕婦分娩后可能存在血小板的過度活化以及炎癥細胞因子的過度激活,且DVT組程度更加嚴重,提示血小板活化及炎癥反應激活與DVT的發生有關,進一步分析CD40L與血小板功能、炎癥反應程度的關系發現:DVT組CD40L與PAF、P-selectin、vWF、TNF-α、IL-10、CRP呈正相關,表明隨著CD40L水平升高,血小板的活化、炎癥反應的激活也進一步增強,DVT的發生與血小板的活化及炎癥反應的激活有密切關系,血小板功能及炎癥反應的改變可能是引發產婦產后高凝狀態及纖溶亢進狀態的原因。
綜上所述,CD40L的增多能促進分娩后產婦的凝血、血小板聚集以及活化炎癥反應,從而增加深靜脈血栓的發生率。
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(收稿日期:2019-12-26)