
語法填空題考查學生在篇章中英語詞匯、語法、句法的運用能力。想要在語法填空中取得高分,考生需要具備一定的綜合運用英語知識的能力,特別是識別語言結構和分析句子成分等方面的能力。語法填空題考核的是基礎語言知識,其中,七個提示性填空題主要考查動詞、名詞、形容詞和副詞(有時人稱代詞也會作為提示性填空題考點),以實詞特別是動詞為主;三個純空格填空題的考查主要涉及冠詞、介詞、代詞、連詞、從句引導詞等,以虛詞為主。下面結合高考試題做簡要分析。
一、提示性填空題
1.動詞
動詞是語法填空的考查重點,2018年和2019年全國新課標卷六套試卷中,動詞的考查比例占到30%—40%。遇到動詞時,可以用“一定三思”的方法解題。
做題時,確定空格處的句子成分是非常重要的一步。句中缺少謂語動詞時,括號中的動詞就是謂語動詞(此時要考慮時態、語態、語氣、主謂一致等),當空缺處不作謂語時,就要考慮其他兩種情況,然后再結合相關知識進一步對試題分析作答。
典型例題
① Since 2011, the country61(grow) more corn than rice.(2018全國新課標卷Ⅱ)
【點撥】該空的提示詞為grow,縱觀整句可知此處考查動詞充當謂語動詞形式。根據句中時間狀語since可知,謂語動詞要用現在完成時形式。最后判斷主語country為單數,故該空填has grown。
② On the last day of our week-long stay, we69(invite) to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars, 70. listening (listen) to musicians and meeting interesting locals.(2019全國新課標卷Ⅲ)
【點撥】第69空缺少謂語,由on the last day of our week-long stay可知,句子時態為一般過去時。根據句意:我們受邀去參加一場私人音樂會,可知用被動語態。主語為we,故填were invited。
③ Scientists have responded by67(note) that hungry bears may be congregating (聚集) around human settlements, leading to the illusion (錯覺) that populations are 68. higher (high) than they actually are.(2019全國新課標卷Ⅰ)
【點撥】第67空主要考查非謂語動詞的-ing形式。介詞by后接動詞時,需用動詞的-ing形式作介詞的賓語,又因為主語為scientists,與note為主動關系,所以填noting。
④ I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid 64. looking (look) directly into his eyes so he doesnt feel? ? (challenge).(2018全國新課標卷Ⅲ)
【點撥】該空考查系動詞和非謂語動詞的過去分詞形式。此處的feel為系動詞,后面通常跟名詞或形容詞,根據句意可以推斷作者不直視大猩猩是為了不讓他感受到挑戰,因此主語he與challenge是被動關系,feel challenged表示“被挑戰”,故該空填challenged。
⑤ She is determined to carry on with her66(educate).(2017全國新課標卷Ⅲ)
【點撥】此處考查詞性轉換。形容詞性物主代詞后面應跟名詞,故該空填education。
2.形容詞、副詞
當括號內所給詞是形容詞或副詞,而空格處仍需要填形容詞或副詞時,要考慮:加前綴改變其詞義;用其比較級或最高級等。若空格處所需詞性與括號內不一致,需要考慮詞性轉換,如形容詞轉換為副詞等。
典型例題
Scientists have responded by 67. noting (note) that hungry bears may be congregating (聚集) around human settlements, leading to the illusion (錯覺) that populations are68(high) than they actually are.(2019全國新課標卷Ⅰ)
【點撥】第68空考查形容詞的比較級。根據其后than they actually are可知,此處應填high的比較級形式higher。
3.名詞
括號內提示詞為名詞時,需考慮兩個方面:名詞的數和詞性轉換(如名詞轉換為形容詞等)。
典型例題
① She has turned down several67(invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.(2017全國新課標卷Ⅲ)
【點撥】第67空考查名詞的數。根據several可知,此處應該填invitation的復數形式invitations。
② To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to? (strength) your leg muscles (肌肉), avoid hills and get good running shoes. Running is cheap, easy and its always? (energy).(2018全國新課標卷Ⅰ)
【點撥】第68空和第69空均考查的是名詞的詞性轉換。其中,第68空考查名詞轉換為動詞,由do exercises to…可知to為不定式符號,故此空應填動詞原形,即將strength轉化為動詞形式strengthen;第69空考查名詞轉換為形容詞,因為并列連詞and后已有主語it和系動詞is,并且根據句意“跑步便宜,簡單并且……”,故此空應填energy的形容詞形式energetic。
二、純空格填空題
1.冠詞
冠詞用于修飾或限定名詞,分為定冠詞the和不定冠詞a/an,因此需根據被修飾名詞的情況考慮使用相應的冠詞。
典型例題
Of69nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six 70. are (be) stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data.(2019全國新課標卷Ⅰ)
【點撥】第69空考查冠詞。此處為特指,表示“已知確認的19個亞種群”,故填定冠詞the。
2.介詞
當空格后的名詞、代詞或動名詞在句中不作主語、表語或動詞的賓語時,需要填介詞。具體填什么介詞,應根據具體情況來決定。
典型例題
Modern methods63tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive 64. to perform (perform) consistently over a large area.(2019全國新課標卷Ⅰ)
【點撥】第63空考查介詞。該空后的tracking polar bear populations作Modern methods的定語,用of 連接,methods of/for doing sth意為“……的方法”,構成固定結構,意為“對于跟蹤北極熊的方法”,故填of/for。
3.代詞
當設空處在句子中作主語或賓語時,可考慮是否填代詞。代詞也會以提示性填空題的形式進行考查。代詞it也是常考點,它除了作人稱代詞代替某物外,還可代替從句、不定式等作形式主語或形式賓語。
典型例題
However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25,000 people were using67every day.(2017全國新課標卷Ⅱ)
【點撥】第67空指代上文中提到的the railway,需用代詞it作賓語。
4.連詞或從句引導詞
并列的兩個單詞、短語或句子之間,需要填并列連詞;若設空處需要引導從句時,需填相應的從屬連詞或從句引導詞。
典型例題
① They were well trained by their masters64had great experience with caring for these animals.(2019全國新課標卷Ⅲ)
【點撥】第64空考查定語從句的關系代詞。句意:它們被主人訓練得很好,它們的主人在照顧這些動物方面很有經驗。此句為定語從句,先行詞masters(主人),指人,在句中作主語,因此填who。
② Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014? showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all 67. causes (cause).(2018全國新課標卷Ⅰ)
【點撥】該空無提示詞,所以判斷此空填虛詞或從句引導詞。本句已有三組謂語made,showed,reduced;其中showed后省略賓語從句的引導詞that,而由判斷可知此處是先行詞study的定語從句,從句缺主語,指代物,因此該空應填關系代詞,故填which或that。