孔文成 章靜 應榮超


[摘要] 目的 結合膀胱壓力指標,研究腹腔熱灌注化療中灌注液使用的量與腹腔壓力的關系。 方法 收集2018年6月~2019年3月本院胃腸外科行腹腔熱灌注化療(hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy,HIPEC)治療的病例行HIPEC之前進行一般情況收集,并在熱灌注時監測患者膀胱壓與腹腔灌注液量的關系變化,并記錄灌注期間的兩根出水管路的通暢信息。 結果 期間我科共行收集有效相關HIPEC治療病例32例,病因胃癌10例、卵巢癌7例、黏液癌6例、腸癌5例、腹膜癌3例,子宮內膜癌1例。男14例,女18例,中位年齡53歲(33~75歲),通過這些病例的數據獲得腹腔灌注液與膀胱壓的趨勢線:Y(Y為膀胱壓,cmH2O)≈1.067X+0.345X2(X為腹腔灌注液,L)。膀胱壓為0~2.0 cm水柱時,盆腔引流管通暢率為46.9%,脾窩引流管通暢率為37.5%,兩者無明顯差異,兩管均通暢率為21.9%。膀胱壓為2.1~4.0 cm水柱時,盆腔引流管通暢率為78.1%,脾窩引流管通暢率為71.9%,兩管均通暢率為65.6%,當膀胱壓為4.1~6.0 cmH2O或更高時兩管均通暢率為100.0%。 結論 HIPEC治療過程中,承載主要作用的腹腔灌注液與腹腔壓力存在二次函數關系。本研究發現,維持腹內壓在4.1~6.0 cm以上時,能保證腹內灌注液的循環通暢。本研究為初步的單中心研究,仍需多中心的臨床研究結果來驗證。
[關鍵詞] 腹腔內壓力;腹腔熱灌注化療;腹腔灌注液;膀胱壓
[中圖分類號] R730.6? ? ? ? ? [文獻標識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-9701(2020)13-0019-04
[Abstract] Objective To study the relationship between the volume of perfusion fluid used and the intraperitoneal pressure in hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy, in combination with the indexes of bladder pressure. Methods General conditions were collected before hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy(HIPEC) for patients undergoing HIPEC in our hospital from June 2018 to March 2019,the changes in the relationship between the bladder pressure and the intraperitoneal perfusion fluid volume were monitored during hyperthermic perfusion, and the unobfuscated information of two outlet pipelines during perfusion was recorded. Results During this period, our department collected 32 cases of effective HIPEC treatment in total, including 10 cases of gastric cancer,7 cases of ovarian cancer, 6 cases of mucinous cancer, 5 cases of intestinal cancer, 3 cases of peritoneal cancer, and 1 case of endometrial cancer. There were 14 males and 18 females, with a median age of 53 years old(33-75 years old). From the data of these cases, the trend line of intraperitoneal perfusion fluid and bladder pressure was obtained: Y(Y stands for bladder pressure, cmH2O)≈1.067X+0.345X2(X stands for intraperitoneal perfusion fluid, L). When the bladder pressure was 0-2.0 cmH2O, the patency rate of pelvic drainage tube and the patency rate of splenic fossa drainage tube were 46.9% and 37.5%, respectively. There was no significant difference between the two tubes, and the patency rate of both tubes was 21.9%. When the bladder pressure was 2.1-4.0 cmH2O, the patency rate of pelvic drainage tube and the patency rate of splenic fossa drainage tube were 78.1% and 71.9%, respectively, and the patency rate of both tubes was 65.6%. When the bladder pressure was 4.1-6.0 cmH2O or higher, the patency rate of both tubes was 100.0%. Conclusion During the HIPEC treatment, there is a quadratic function between the intraperitoneal perfusion fluid carrying the main function and the intraperitoneal pressure. This study finds that maintaining intraperitoneal pressure above 4.1-6.0 cm can ensure the circulation of intraperitoneal perfusion fluid unobstructed. This study is a preliminary single-center study, and results from a multicenter clinical study are still needed to verify the results.
[Key words] Intraperitoneal pressure; Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy; Intraperitoneal perfusion fluid; Bladder pressure
傳統上腹膜癌病被認為是一種不治之癥[1]。然而,Sugarbaker建立了手術切除宏觀腫瘤聯合局部化療作為一種可行的治療方案[2]。自此,越來越多的研究中心采用細胞減滅術(Cytoreductive surgery,CRS)聯合術中熱灌注化療來治療腹膜惡性腫瘤患者。目前歐美有100多個中心在執行腹腔熱灌注化療(hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy,HIPEC)程序并有逐年增加的趨勢[3,4]。在國內也有更多的中心參與HIPEC的治療隊伍中來,甚至獨立成立HIPEC中心。
由于HIPEC治療中涉及多個操作步驟,聯合CRS就更為復雜,導致目前整體操作流程并未得到規范,HIPEC執行效果良莠不齊。其中HIPEC中化療液的用量直接涉及灌注化療效果,但綜合各個中心報道來看,差異極大,從0.5~6 L均在執行,這直接導致各中心HIPEC的治療效果差異。本文對HIPEC中涉及的主體化療液的用量進行研究,以期臨床達到HIPEC的治療目的,現報道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取2018年6月~2019年3月本院胃腸外科行HIPEC治療的患者53例,經篩選,排除HIPEC腹腔積液、腹腔巨大占位、腹腔粘連等影響腹腔壓力的因素后獲得32例。其中,病因為胃癌10例、卵巢癌7例、黏液癌6例、腸癌5例、腹膜癌3例,子宮內膜癌1例。男14例,女18例,中位年齡53歲(33~75歲),中位體重指數22 kg/m2[(16.9~28.8)kg/m2]。患者行熱灌注化療之前的化驗、檢查提示基本正常,ECOG評分均小于3級,術中最大腹腔灌注液中位數4500 mL(4000~5400 mL)。
1.2 方法
置管方法:右側肝面膈頂放置進水管,左側脾窩和盆腔各留置一根出水管,進出水管均選用一次性使用多功能引流管M8型號。見封三圖3。
行HIPEC之前進行一般資料收集,患者平躺,在熱灌注時監測患者膀胱壓與腹腔灌注液量(無化療藥)的關系變化。膀胱壓監測方法:排空膀胱后旋轉三通開關使導尿管端與延長管相通,管道內注入50 mL無菌生理鹽水,作為腹內壓的傳導介質,以患者恥骨聯合為零平面。在腹腔灌注液為0 mL、1000 mL、2000 mL、3000 mL、4000 mL時的膀胱壓和膀胱壓為12 cmH2O時記錄所需的灌注液。
1.3 觀察指標
(1)觀察腹腔灌注液與膀胱壓的關系。(2)在各個膀胱壓階段(0~2、2~4、4~6、6~8、8~12 cmH2O),記錄出水管的通暢情況,以雙側均有灌注液循環為達標。
1.4 統計學處理
應用SPSS19.0統計軟件進行統計學分析及散點圖曲線擬合,計量資料用(x±s)表示。計數資料采用χ2檢驗,P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。
2 結果
2.1 腹腔灌注液與膀胱壓關系
篩選獲得的32例病例的膀胱壓與灌注液的曲線關系圖見圖1,腹腔壓力的變化與腹腔灌注液呈二次函數關系。故制成擬合曲線圖,擬合曲線公式為:Y=-0.419+1.067X+0.3457X2≈1.067X+0.345 X2(Y為膀胱壓,cmH2O;X為灌注液,L),且R平方值為0.941,擬合效果好。
2.2 出水管的通暢情況
各個膀胱壓力水平出水管的通暢情況見表1。當膀胱壓在0~2.0 cm水柱時,盆腔引流管通暢率為46.9%,脾窩引流管通暢率為37.5%,兩者無明顯差異,兩管均通暢率為21.9%。膀胱壓在2.1~4.0 cmH2O時,盆腔引流管通暢率為78.1%,脾窩引流管通暢率為71.9%,兩管均通暢率為65.6%,當膀胱壓在4.1~6.0 cmH2O或更高時兩管通暢率為100.0%。
3 討論
腫瘤腹膜轉移可起源于多種腹腔內組織器官。在過去,這種情況被認為不可治愈,因此認為疾病到了姑息治療階段。然而,目前的多模式治療策略包括減瘤術(CRS)和腹腔溫熱治療(HIPEC)是一種有前景的治療方法。治療效果取決于腹腔內腫瘤負荷程度,隨機對照試驗顯示總體與全身化療效果相當,對當做是姑息治療的患者其生存期已明顯提高[5、6]。目前已成為繼手術、化療、放療及生物療法之后的又一種腫瘤的治療手段。這種治療模式在手術基礎上添加了輔助治療,就是將有細胞毒性的藥物加熱后直接應用于腹腔,以消滅腫瘤移除后殘余的腫瘤細胞。原理基于三方面:(1)大塊腫瘤組織手術去除后顯露殘余腫瘤細胞,而多數細胞毒性藥物組織滲透性差;(2)直接的腹腔局部應用化療藥物能使藥物均勻分布;(3)化療藥物加熱能增強細胞毒性,增加治療效果[7],并通過增加細胞膜通透性,提高細胞內藥物的濃度與反應速度,使藥物的敏感性增強[8],減輕化療藥物的不良反應。根據報道HIPEC在減輕腫瘤疼痛、退縮腫瘤病灶、提高腫瘤患者生存質量等方面均有較好的治療效果;此外,HIPEC還可激活機體免疫[9]。有研究表明,即使是在局部熱療中,對腫瘤的原發灶和轉移灶也能產生免疫反應作用[10],發揮機體自身免疫功能來抗腫瘤作用。
但目前對HIPEC中承擔主要作用的灌注液研究較少,綜合各個中心報道來看,差異極大,從0.5升到6升均在執行[11-13]。在我國發行的《腹腔熱灌注化療技術臨床應用專家共識(2016版)》也只是推薦了3000~5000 mL的灌注液,對于腹腔具體應量述以腹腔充盈和循環暢通為原則,未能做臨床實踐推薦[14]。本研究著重于HIPEC中腹腔灌注液與腹內壓力的關系,引入膀胱壓作為指導。本研究發現:腹腔灌注液的用量與腹內壓存在二次函數關系,灌注液的用量能較好預測膀胱壓;當膀胱壓維持在4.1~6.0 cmH2O時,出水管能保證良好的通暢率。此外,一些研究發現腹腔內的壓力對藥物分子滲透至腫瘤組織有直接關系,如TNF-α[15-17]。進一步實驗也證實,在腹腔灌注期間,腹內壓增加與組織攝取順鉑、奧沙利鉑、阿霉素相關[18-19]。另一實驗研究也發現奧沙利鉑灌注時,腹腔高壓聯合熱灌注能使組織中奧沙利鉑達到最高濃度,而不是單獨熱灌注或者腹高壓[20]。現今,腫瘤組織化療藥的攝取被認為是HIPEC的最佳藥理學終點,而不是腹腔內藥物濃度優勢。有效的熱灌注與腹內壓聯合在技術上比較容易實現,尤其是采用封閉式HIPEC技術。有臨床試驗研究采用封閉式HIPEC技術,將腹內壓增加至19 mmHg時也認為是安全的加壓水平[21]。因此,本研究設定的最高腹內壓12 cmH2O,不涉及患者安全性問題。
結合以上發現,我們推薦HIPEC期間膀胱壓至少在4~6 cmH2O以上,腹腔內灌注液維持在3000 mL以上。此推薦并非單從出水管通暢率考慮,而是研究者在本次研究中體會到在該膀胱壓水平,腹腔內的腹膜能獲得充分的循環灌注,達到HIPEC的理想效果,尤其是前腹壁、腸系膜上、小網膜囊內的種植灶,這些病灶在灌注液偏少的情況下難以獲得滿意的循環灌注效果。同時在加壓條件下,能增加腫瘤攝取化療藥物濃度,提高治療效果。本研究為初步的單中心研究,仍需多中心的臨床研究結果來驗證。
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(收稿日期:2019-03-09)