運用題干歸納法，巧解主旨大意題

陳霞

主旨大意題是高考英語閱讀理解中的必考題，用得最多的首尾法和反推法雖然能解決問題，但難度較大，尤其是對于基礎弱的考生很難從首尾部分總結出主旨大意。鑒于閱讀題的題干圍繞主旨設題，且多為簡單句，因此難度相對較小，考生可從中感知主旨。運用題干歸納法不僅可以簡化題目難度，而且能節省時間提高準確率。

[例1]2020年全國Ⅱ卷B篇：

24. In which aspect do children benefit from puzzle play？

25. What did Levine take into consideration when designing her experiment？

26. How do boys differ from girls in puzzle play？

27. What is the text mainly about？

A. A mathematical method.??? B. A scientific study.

C. A woman psychologist.????? D. A teaching program.

解析：27題考查文章主旨，24～26題的題干分別是：孩子從puzzle play中獲得什么益處，設計實驗時需考慮的因素，玩puzzle play時男女的差異。運用題干歸納法可知文章主旨是關于puzzle游戲對孩子的影響的，特別是從“設計實驗”可知，這是“科學研究”，故選B項。

[例2]2019年全國Ⅰ卷D篇：

32. What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school？

33. What is the second paragraph mainly about？

34. What did Dr. Prinsteins study find about the most liked kids？

35. What is the best title for the text？

A. Be Nice—You Wont Finish Last

B. The Higher the Status， the Better

C. Be the Best—You Can Make It

D. More Self-Control， Less Aggressiveness

解析：35題考查文章主旨，32～34題分別考查：作者小學時的性格特點，第二段大意，關于最受歡迎的孩子研究者發現了什么。運用題干歸納法可知文章主旨與性格有關，可排除與性格無關的選項B，C和D項，選A項。

[例3]2018年全國Ⅰ卷C篇：

28. What can we infer about languages in hunter gatherer times？

29. Which of the following best explains“dominant”underlined in paragraph 2？

30. How many languages are spoken by less than 6，000 people at present？

31. What is the main idea of the text？

A. New languages will be created.

B. Peoples lifestyles are reflected in languages.

C. Human development results in fewer languages.

D. Geography determines language evolution.

解析：31題考查文章主旨，28～30題分別考查：狩獵時期的語言，詞義猜測，目前不到6000人使用的語言有多少種。運用題干歸納法可知文章主旨與語言有關，又由“狩獵時期”“目前”可知，是語言與時間的關系，與此相關的選項只有C項：人類的發展導致語言的減少。

2020年全國Ⅲ卷C篇為例：

28. Who mainly uses the ground floor in the Victorian house in Bristol？

29. What is Nicks attitude towards sharing the house with his mother-in-law？

30. What is the authors statement about multigenerational family based on？

31. What is the text mainly about？

A. Lifestyles in different countries.

B. Conflicts between generations.

C. A housing problem in Britain.

D. A rising trend of living in the UK.

解析：31題考查文章主旨，28-30題分別考查：誰住第一層，Nick對于與丈母娘合住的態度，作者關于多代同堂家庭的陳述基礎。運用題干歸納法可知文章主旨關于多代合住家庭的住房問題，故選C項。

2018年全國Ⅱ卷B篇：

32. What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph？

33. What is important for successful small talk according to Carducci？

34. What does the coffee-shop study suggest about small talk？

35. What is the best title for the text？

A. Conversation Counts.

B. Ways of Making Small Talk.

C. Benefits of Small Talk.

D. Uncomfortable Silence.

解析：35題考查文章主旨，32-34題分別考查：第一段描述的現象，small talk的成功要素，關于small talk咖啡店的研究結果。運用題干歸納法可知文章主旨關于small talk，可知35題選B項。

由以上例證說明，題干歸納法在解答高考英語閱讀理解的主旨大意題中起著重要作用。盡管題干歸納法不一定能解決所有的主旨大意題，但能極大提高正確率。

責任編輯 蔣小青