破解高考詞匯障礙之構(gòu)詞法

湖北 龐 群

素養(yǎng)解讀

《高中英語新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（2017）》要求學(xué)生“了解詞匯的詞根和詞綴”、“掌握詞性變化規(guī)律”和“運(yùn)用構(gòu)詞法擴(kuò)大詞匯量”。在新課標(biāo)的指導(dǎo)下，高考對(duì)構(gòu)詞法的考查也越來越深入，主要體現(xiàn)在對(duì)派生詞與合成詞的考查上。派生詞由詞根加上前綴或后綴構(gòu)成，合成詞一般由兩個(gè)或以上的詞根復(fù)合而成。在高考中，若詞根為考綱內(nèi)詞匯，則其派生詞或合成詞一般不再給出中文釋義，這些詞多為超綱詞匯，但根據(jù)新課標(biāo)要求，其屬于學(xué)生需要通過掌握規(guī)律來理解和猜測(cè)的詞匯，用于考查學(xué)生的詞匯意識(shí)和能力。因此，掌握派生詞與合成詞的組成規(guī)律與理解技巧對(duì)于掃清高考詞匯障礙十分重要。

品句會(huì)意

1.(2020年全國乙卷閱讀B)There's a welcome familiarity—but also sometimes a slight suspicion that time has changed you both,and thus the relationship.__________

2.(2020年全國乙卷閱讀B)But books don't change,people do.And that's what makes the act of rereading so rich and transformative.__________

3.(2020年全國乙卷閱讀B)Published in 1964,it's his classic memoir of 1920s Paris.__________

4.(2020年全國乙卷閱讀B)Another is Annie Dillard's Holy the Firm,her poetic 1975 ramble(隨筆)about everything and nothing.__________

5.(2020年全國乙卷閱讀C)Like running,race walking is physically demanding,she says.__________

6.(2020年全國乙卷閱讀C)But the sport's strange form does place considerable stress on the ankles and hips,so people with a history of such injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport.__________

7.(2020年全國乙卷閱讀D)In another,employees were shown to be 15%more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.__________

8.(2020年全國乙卷閱讀D)In the future,the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a one-off treatment that would last the plant's lifetime.__________

9.(2020年全國乙卷閱讀D)35.Which of the following can be the best title for the text?D.How are glowing plants made pollution-free?__________

10. (2020年全國乙卷七選五)Are you hoping that eventually you will feel empowered because your life is better than theirs?__________

11.(2020年全國乙卷語法填空)The unmanned Chang'e-4 probe(探 測(cè) 器)—the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon goddess—touched down last week in the South Pole-Aitken basin._____________

12.(2020年全國甲卷閱讀B)Psychologist Susan Levine,an expert on mathematics development in young children at the University of Chicago,found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills.__________

13.(2020年全國甲卷閱讀C)To give people a guilt-free option that they can wear without someone throwing paint on them—I think that's going to be a massive thing,at least here in New York.__________

14.(2020年全國甲卷閱讀C)“It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur—unless you understand that the nutria are destroying vast wetlands every year,”says Cree McCree,project director of Righteous Fur.__________

15.(2020年全國甲卷閱讀D)It was a special time to bond with my children and it filled them with the wonderment of books.__________

16.(2020年全國甲卷閱讀D)32.Which word best describes the author's relationship with books as a child?A.Cooperative.B.Uneasy.C.Inseparable.___________

17.(2020年全國甲卷七選五)Emoji can help communication feel friendlier,and even a serious note can be softened with an encouraging smile.__________

18.(2020年全國甲卷語法填空)They represent the promise of spring and a renewal of life.__________

19. (2020年全國丙卷閱讀A)We will wander in traditional small towns and end our tour with an exceptional museum in Shanghai.__________

20.(2020年全國丙卷閱讀A)Our journeytakes us to picturesque Berber villages and lovely beaches.__________

21.(2020年全國丙卷閱讀A)Join Prof.Pedar Foss on our in-depth Tunisian tour.__________

22.(2020年全國丙卷閱讀B)Instead,one activist,dressed in a full-body monkey suit,had arrived with a sign praising the filmmakers:“Thanksfor notusingreal apes(猿)!”__________

23.(2020年全國丙卷閱讀B)The creative team behind“Apes”used motion-capture(動(dòng)作捕捉)technology to create digitalized animals,spending tens of millions of dollars on technology that records an actor's performance and later processes it with computer graphics to create a final image（圖像）.___________

24.(2020年全國丙卷閱讀B)But they weren't there to throw red paint on fur-coatwearing film stars.__________

25. (2020年全國丙卷閱讀B)Instead,one activist,dressed in a full-body monkey suit,had arrived with a sign praising the filmmakers: “Thanks for not using real apes(猿)!”___________

26.(2020年全國丙卷閱讀B)In some cases,it's not so much the treatment of the animals on set in the studio that has activists worried;it's the off-set training and living conditions that are raising concerns.__________

27.(2020年全國丙卷閱讀C)Four years ago they all moved into a three-storey Victorian house in Bristol—one of a growing number of multigenerational families in the UK living together under the same roof.__________

28.(2020年全國丙卷閱讀C)The doorway to peace and quiet,for Nick Bright at least,leads straight to his mother-in-law：she lives on the ground floor,while he lives upstairs with his wife and their two daughters.__________

29.(2020年全國丙卷閱讀D)35.What can be a suitable title for the text?A.Bodies Remodeled for a Life at Sea__________

30.(2020年全國丙卷閱讀D)A group of seadwelling people in Southeast Asia have evolved into better divers.__________

31.(2020年全國丙卷閱讀D)They madealiving as divers,spearfishing or harvesting shellfish.__________

32.(2020年全國丙卷七選五)Sometimes,because a housewarming party happens shortly after a person moves into their new home,people may be asked to help unpack boxes.__________

33.(2020年全國丙卷語法填空)In ancient China lived an artist whose paintings were almost lifelike.__________

34.(2020年全國丙卷語法填空)He passed milky white waterfalls and mountains in many shades of blue.___________

35.(2019年全國乙卷閱讀A)Summer Company provides students with hands-on business training and awards of up to$3,000 to start and run their own summer businesses.__________

36.(2019年全國乙卷閱讀C)Asdataand identity theft becomes more and more common,the market is growing for biometric(生物測(cè)量)technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private e-spaces.__________

37.(2019年全國乙卷閱讀C)The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive,plastic-like parts.__________

38.(2019年全國乙卷閱讀D)During the rosy years of elementary school(小學(xué)),I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes,which allowed me to keep my high social status.__________

39.(2019年全國乙卷閱讀D)Mitch Prinstein,a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories:the likable and the status seekers.__________

40.(2019年全國乙卷閱讀D)The likables'plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships,jump-start interpersonal skills and,when tapped early,are employed ever after in life and work.__________

41.(2019年全國乙卷閱讀D)Then there's the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence:status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.__________

42.(2019年全國乙卷七選五)If the air you're breathing is clean—which it would be if you're away from the smog of cities—then the air is filled with life-giving, energizing oxygen.__________

43.(2019年全國乙卷七選五)To make sure you get enough Vitamin D—but still protect your skin—put on sunscreen right as you head outside.___________

44.(2019年全國乙卷語法填空)Of the nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations,three are declining,six are stable,one is increasing,and nine lack enough data.__________

45.(2019年全國甲卷閱讀A)Jo Usmar is a writer for Cosmopolitan and co-author of the This Book Will series(系列)of lifestyle books.__________

46.(2019年全國甲卷閱讀A)Matilda's battles with her cruel parents and the bossy headmistress,Miss Trunchbull,are equally funny and frightening,but they're also aspirational.__________

47.(2019年全國甲卷閱讀B)Shemayjustneed a little persuading.So I try again and tug at the heartstrings.__________

48.(2019年全國甲卷閱讀B)Somewhere along the way,the same parent ends up becoming an invaluable member of the team.__________

49.(2019年全國甲卷閱讀B)Handing out sliced oranges to bloodthirsty kids can be as exciting as watching your own kid score a goal.__________

50.(2019年全國甲卷閱讀C)“I reflect on how my day's gone and think about the rest of the week,”he said. “It's a chance for self-reflection.You return to work recharged and with a plan.”___________

51.(2019年全國甲卷閱讀D)The microorganisms(微生物)from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station,so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week.__________

52.(2019年全國甲卷閱讀D)Engineers come and really do an in-person review,and...it's not a very nice thing at times.__________

53.(2019年全國甲卷閱讀D)Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem,readying a workable solution to test in space.__________

54.(2019年全國甲卷語法填空)When we got a call saying she was short-listed,we thought it was a joke.__________

55.(2019年全國丙卷閱讀B)If you talk about fashion today,you are talking about China—its influences,its direction, its breathtaking clothes,and how young designers and models are finally acknowledging that in many ways.__________

56.(2019年全國丙卷閱讀D)A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers and selective letters with 0-25 drops of water or juice as a reward.__________

57.(2019年全國丙卷七選五)Be sure to stay on topic and not offer irrelevant information.__________

58.(2019年全國丙卷七選五)If there is truly a concern about a professor's professionalism or ability,be sure to use online course evaluations to calmly offer your comments.__________

59.(2019年全國丙卷完形填空)Wednesday,residents（居民）of Rjukan received their very first ray of winter sunshine:A row of reflective boards on a nearby mountainside were put to use.__________

60.(2019年全國丙卷完形填空)The 3,500 residents cannot all enjoy the sunshine at the same time.However,the new light feels like more than enough for the town's sun-starved residents.__________

熱詞預(yù)測(cè)

1.前/后綴及其派生詞

詞綴 意義 派生詞 釋義anti- 抗；反antibody n.抗體antivirus adj.抗病毒的auto- 自己（的）；自動(dòng)bi- 二；雙bio- 生物的centi- 厘；百分之一co- 共同counter- 相反；對(duì)應(yīng)autobiography n.自傳autonomy n.自治（權(quán)）；自主（權(quán)）biannually adv.每半年地；每年兩次地bilingual adj.雙語的biochemistry n.生物化學(xué)biodegradable adj.可生物降解的centimetre n.厘米centigrade n.攝氏溫度；百分度cooperative adj.合作的co-host v.搭檔主持；聯(lián)合主辦coexist v.共存counteract v.抵消；抵抗counter-attack v.反攻；反擊countermeasure n.對(duì)策；對(duì)抗手段counterpart n.職務(wù)相當(dāng)?shù)娜耍粚?duì)應(yīng)的事物cyber- 計(jì)算機(jī)的；網(wǎng)絡(luò)的dis- 非；不cybercrime n.計(jì)算機(jī)犯罪；網(wǎng)絡(luò)犯罪cyberbully v.網(wǎng)絡(luò)暴力；網(wǎng)絡(luò)欺凌disorder n.混亂dishonesty n.不誠實(shí)disconnect v.切斷

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2.合成詞

詞條 詞義 詞條 詞義babysit v.代人照看孩子 interest-free adj.免利息的headline n.大字標(biāo)題；頭版頭條 labor-saving adj.節(jié)省勞動(dòng)力的highway n.公路；干道 learner-centered adj.以學(xué)習(xí)者為中心的lifelong adj.終身的 long-lasting adj.持久的；長期的outline n.輪廓；概述 mouth-watering adj.令人垂涎的sightseeing n.觀光；游覽 near-sighted adj.近視的skyrocket v.飛漲；猛漲 never-to-be-forgotten adj.永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)被遺忘的takeaway n.外賣食物 off-peak adj.非高峰時(shí)期的；淡季的underline v.在……下面畫線；強(qiáng)調(diào) old-fashioned adj.保守的；過時(shí)的waterproof adj.防水的 open-minded adj.思想開明的absent-minded adj.心不在焉的 peace-loving adj.熱愛和平的all-round adj.全面的 poverty-stricken adj.一貧如洗的brand-new adj.全新的 ready-made adj.現(xiàn)成的by-product n.副產(chǎn)品 record-breaking adj.破紀(jì)錄的empty-handed adj.空手的；一無所獲的 see-through adj.薄至透明的evergreen adj.常青的 state-owned adj.國有的face-to-face adj.面對(duì)面的 still-to-be-discovered adj.有待發(fā)現(xiàn)的familiar-sounding adj.聽起來熟悉的 up-to-standard adj.達(dá)到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的far-reaching adj.影響深遠(yuǎn)的；廣泛的 well-being n.健康；安樂first-class adj.頭等的；一流的 well-meaning adj.善意的