趙巧紅
(包頭師范學(xué)院外國語學(xué)院,內(nèi)蒙古包頭 014030)
英語幽默故事中,一詞多義和同音異義的雙關(guān)手法是承載幽默的主要辭格,往往體現(xiàn)在由語言的不諧調(diào)構(gòu)成的喜劇性矛盾沖突,使讀者或聽眾因意外而產(chǎn)生聯(lián)想,起到了一種弦外有音、話中有話的修辭效果,或引人深思,或令人捧腹,人們從雙關(guān)修辭格中也深深體會(huì)到了雙關(guān)語的另一個(gè)意境美——含淚的微笑。其構(gòu)成方式主要有以下五種:
(一)Homophonic pun同音異義雙關(guān)
簡(jiǎn)言之就是諧音梗,即借助話語在發(fā)音上的完全相同,但詞義根本不同而構(gòu)成的雙關(guān),其作用是語言新鮮活潑,生動(dòng)形象,妙趣橫生,催生諷刺。
例1:A father was reading Bible stories to his young son.He read,“The man named Lot was warned to take his wife and flee out of the city but his wife looked back and was turned to salt.”The young son asked,“What happened to the flea?”
父親正給兒子讀圣經(jīng)故事:“洛特被警告趕緊帶著他的妻子逃出城市,但他的妻子在回頭看的瞬間變成了鹽。”小男孩追問道:“那跳蚤怎樣了呢?”該句的幽默風(fēng)趣含而不露,小男孩的心思全在跳蚤(flea,英語中逃跑flee與之諧音)上,使對(duì)話格外風(fēng)趣俏皮。
(二)Paronomasia近(諧)音雙關(guān)
指巧妙地利用發(fā)音相似或相近而意義不同的詞來構(gòu)成雙關(guān)語,使人產(chǎn)生由表及里地聯(lián)想,把幽默的曲調(diào)深藏在含蓄的語義之中。
例2:The brunette takes her last $600 dollars out west to another ranch to purchase a bull so that she can breed her own stock.After paying it for $599,she wants to send telegrams asking her sister to hitch the trailer to their pick-up truck and haul it home.The telegraph operator replies:“It’s just 99 cents a word.”With only $ 1 left,the brunette realizes that she’ll only be able to send her sister one word.So she nods and says,“comfortable”.
家道中落的棕發(fā)小姐拿著家里唯一的600美元前往西部農(nóng)場(chǎng)買了頭良種公牛來發(fā)展自己的畜群,共花掉599美元,她需要給妹妹發(fā)電報(bào)把拖車掛在小貨車后面,然后開車過來把牛運(yùn)回家,但這時(shí)口袋里只剩一美元了,而發(fā)一個(gè)字需要99美分,也就是說,她只能發(fā)一美元的電報(bào),情急之下,姐姐想出了一字千金的comfortable。此例中comfortable的發(fā)音與come for the bull讀音相似,暗示妹妹來運(yùn)牛,真是匠心獨(dú)具,意在言外,讀來別有一番趣味。
(三)Antanaclasis同詞異義雙關(guān)
指用詞形相同而意義不同的詞,緊扣雙重語境,表達(dá)兩層意思,造成詼諧的效果。
例3:A mother and her young son returned from the grocery store and began putting away the groceries.The boy opened the box of animal crackers and spread them all over the table.His mother asked:“What are you doing? The box says you can’t eat them if the seal is broken,”the boy explained,“I’m looking for the seal.”
一位母親和她的小兒子從雜貨店回來,忙著收拾買回的東西。小男孩卻一股腦打開所有動(dòng)物餅干的盒子,把它們?nèi)龅脻M桌都是。媽媽責(zé)怪說,如果食品密封撕了的話,就不能食用了。兒子則一臉無辜地解釋道:“可我在找海豹呀”。其中的笑點(diǎn)在于seal既可指海豹,還可以表示密封,幽默詼諧,讀來令人忍俊不禁。
(四)Syllepticpun一詞多義雙關(guān)
指用詞形相同而意義多重的詞來構(gòu)成雙關(guān)語,利用一詞多義的雙關(guān)語比利用同形異義的雙關(guān)語更有趣,更幽默新奇。
例4:After a panda ate up his meal in the bar,he pulled the trigger and shot the waiter.The barman was furious and asked him why,the panda replied:“Do you know what I am? Look up panda in the dictionary”.The barman found the definition in the dictionary:PANDA:A black and white bear native to China.“Eats shoots and leaves”.
一只熊貓酒足飯飽后拔出手槍殺死了服務(wù)員。一旁的酒保憤怒地問它為什么殺了他的朋友,熊貓建議他查一下單詞Panda是什么意思。此處的雙關(guān)分別設(shè)在單詞Eats、shoots和leaves上:其字面意思是熊貓以竹子嫩芽和樹葉為食,而隱含的深層含義“熊貓吃完飯后射殺,然后離開”則折射出一種荒誕悲涼的絞刑架下的幽默。
(五)Asteismus語意岐解雙關(guān)
在特定的語境中,后者在回答前者的話時(shí)有意或無意地曲解原意,導(dǎo)致信息理解差,從而形成詼諧有趣、滑稽幽默的岐解雙關(guān)。
例5:“Give me a sentence about a public servant,”said the teacher.A small boy replied,“The policeman came down the ladder pregnant.”The teacher took the lad aside to correct him,“Don’t you know what pregnant means?”The boy answered confidently.“Sure,it means carrying a child.”
小男孩理解上出現(xiàn)了誤差,他的認(rèn)知能力是無法對(duì)警察從梯子上“背著孩子”下來和“孕婦”(carrying a child指的是pregnant,屬于委婉語)之間加以區(qū)別,小男孩的懵懂無知、憨態(tài)可掬躍然紙上。
英語幽默故事中的主題不屏蔽任何“局內(nèi)人”,在某些方面,那些略顯沉重的話題卻越發(fā)能引發(fā)笑點(diǎn),因此,黑總統(tǒng)、黑政府、黑金發(fā)美女、黑宗教,黑不同的種族、黑隔壁老王成為幽默故事中的常態(tài)。
(一)在英語文化中Blonde指的是金發(fā)碧眼的女孩,在幽默故事中往往被刻畫成胸大無腦、粗俗、幼稚的刻板印象,成為經(jīng)久不衰的茶余飯后的笑料。
例6:A guy took his blonde girlfriend to her first football game.After the game,he asked her how she liked the experience.She replied:“Oh,I really liked it,but I just couldn’t understand why they were killing each other over 25 cents.”Her date was dumbfounded,“Well,they flipped a coin,one team got it,and then for the rest of the game,kept screaming,‘Get the quarterback! ’ I’m like,hello? It’s only 25 cents!”
quarter一詞凝聚了故事的整個(gè)笑點(diǎn),在金發(fā)美女的膚淺認(rèn)知領(lǐng)域里,quarter只不過是25美分而已,而事實(shí)上quarterback還指美式足球中的四分衛(wèi),所以當(dāng)場(chǎng)上的觀眾都群情激動(dòng),奮力叫喊“把四分衛(wèi)截住”的時(shí)候,對(duì)足球一竅不通的金發(fā)女郎心里就犯嘀咕了:不就是25美分嗎?為什么大家追著喊著偏偏要把那25美分搶回來呢?不由讓人捧腹大笑。
(二)英語幽默故事往往不拘泥禮教,名人政客、總統(tǒng)、作家、律師、明星、牙醫(yī),從人格到智商,都是嘲笑梗,很難逃過被開涮戲謔整蠱的命運(yùn)。
例7:When Noah reached land,he threw open the ark doors and said,“Go forth and multiply”.When all the animals cleared out,only a pair of confused-looking snakes remained.“Didn’t you hear me? Go forth and multiply!”said Noah,annoyed.One of the snakes replied:“We can’t.We’re adders”.
當(dāng)方舟終于停靠在陸地的時(shí)候,諾亞打開了方舟門,命令方舟里的其他所有生物出舟在大地上繁衍滋長(zhǎng)(multiply)。但只有一臉疑惑的蟒蛇(adder)還待在艙里不見動(dòng)靜。諾亞生氣地質(zhì)問他們?yōu)槭裁催€待在方舟里,其中一條蛇回答:我們又不是加法器(adder),如何去進(jìn)行乘法運(yùn)算(multiply)?令人捧腹大笑的誤解皆因multiply和adder一詞多義而生。
(三)英語幽默故事的核心是無厘頭鬧劇,甚至頂禮膜拜的宗教也并非不可觸碰的話題。因此,修道院的修女和神父常成為人們挖掘笑料的新大陸。
例8:Mother superior tells two new nuns to paint their room without getting any paint on their clothes.The nuns lock the door,take all their clothes off and begin painting their room.Soon a man who claims to be a blind man knocks at the door.The nuns think now that he’s blind,it won’t hurt to let him in.The blind man walks in and says,“Hey,where do you want me to hang the blinds?”
這里的歧義錯(cuò)解歸功于blind一詞,修女們認(rèn)為敲門人既然是盲人(blind),就毫無顧忌地繼續(xù)光著身子給對(duì)方開門,殊不知對(duì)方竟然是來安裝窗簾(blinds)的工人,可以想象當(dāng)時(shí)的尷尬至極,這包袱抖得讓人忍俊不禁。
(四)移民問題。英語幽默故事有能力去觸及一些嚴(yán)肅的話題,在迎合大眾成見上一點(diǎn)都不含糊,不但不加以制止,反而是火上澆油,于是就有了針對(duì)不同種族的刻板印象進(jìn)行的褒貶調(diào)侃。
例9:——What's the difference between Jews and canoes?
——Canoes tip.
猶太人一向以聰明富有、特別有商業(yè)頭腦自居,但給人的刻板印象卻是過于精明算計(jì)、小氣,有點(diǎn)摳門。tip一詞使幽默順手拈來,表面上是獨(dú)木舟能“傾倒”,卻暗地里指桑罵槐地嘲諷猶太人小氣,連“小費(fèi)”都不舍得給。
(五)西方人把“速食幽默”帶入了生活的方方面面,普通老百姓都暴露在幽默舞臺(tái)的聚光燈下,似乎每個(gè)人都成為那個(gè)成天都在調(diào)侃自己、揶揄別人的段子高手。
例10:The gladiator was having a rough day in the arena as his opponent had sliced off both of his arms.Nevertheless,he kept on fighting,kicking and biting as furiously as he could.But when his opponent lopped off both feet,our gladiator had no choice but to give up,for now he was both unarmed and defeated.
unarmed和defeated語含雙關(guān),詼諧地再現(xiàn)出倒霉的角斗士所處的窘境:手和腳都被對(duì)方打殘了(unarmed)(defeeted),看來這回是真的徹底被打敗了(defeated)。
美國著名散文家E.B.White認(rèn)為:“分析幽默像極了解剖青蛙,很少有人感興趣,青蛙還死了。”語言的含蓄性是英語幽默故事中的一個(gè)顯著特點(diǎn)。作者的真正意圖并未直截了當(dāng)?shù)乇磉_(dá)出來,而是巧妙地藏匿在話語之中,當(dāng)幽默詼諧的內(nèi)涵最終被識(shí)破后,那份瞬間的豁然開朗,能讓你領(lǐng)略英語的趣味和魅力。通過閱讀幽默故事中的雙關(guān)語,可以幫助我們?cè)鰪?qiáng)對(duì)詞匯語義的細(xì)微差別的感受力,了解詞語之間的潛在關(guān)聯(lián),透過語義無窮的文字游戲,體會(huì)英美人所特有的幽默感,培養(yǎng)創(chuàng)造性使用語言的感覺和能力。