⊙王玥[中國海洋大學,山東 青島 266100]
《CONFUCIAN ANALECTS》作者理雅各(James Legge,1815—1897),英國漢學家,倫敦布道會傳教士,是第一個系統(tǒng)研究并翻譯中國古代典籍的人。他自1841年便開始翻譯中國經(jīng)典,在1861年至1872年的十一年里,理雅各翻譯了儒家經(jīng)典的“四書”和“五經(jīng)”中的《詩經(jīng)》《尚書》《春秋》,以“中國儒家經(jīng)典”(The Chinese Classic)之名由香港倫敦傳道會印刷所先后印刷出版。
本書一開始簡單介紹了作者理雅各的生平及其學術生涯。其后并有一篇系列叢書總序、一篇本書總序和一篇導讀來對本書及作者與本書的淵源進行介紹與評價,其序言與導讀皆有中英文對應。
從體例上來看,本書目錄各篇名稱采用原《論語》各篇的音譯,而篇中的“章”則以數(shù)字編號。每章正文分兩部分,分別為漢字繁體豎排的《論語》正文和英文翻譯。
其正文翻譯以直譯為主。首先,譯文注重對原文句式語氣的還原。如:“人不知而不慍,不亦君子乎?”其譯文為:“Is he not a man of complete virtue,who feels no discomposure though men may take no note of him?”再如:“顏淵死,子曰:‘噫!天喪予!天喪予!’”其譯文為:“When Yen Yuen died,the Master said,‘Alas! Heaven is destroying me! Heaven is destroying me!’”
其次,對于人物的稱呼和某些特定詞語的翻譯也盡量追求符合原文的文化習慣,在盡量尊重原文原意的前提下選取較易為讀者所理解的詞句,并于其后通過舉例,對其做詳細而通俗的解釋。如孔子的稱呼采用更帶有敬意的“The Master”,而不是將“子”直譯孔子,并對原文中孔子的稱呼做了解釋:“子,at the commencement,indicates Confucius.子,‘a(chǎn) son’,is also the common designation of males,—especially of virtuous men.We find it,in conversations,used in the same ways as our ‘Sir’.When it follows the surname,it is equivalent to our ‘Mr.’ or may be rendered ‘the philosopher’,‘the scholar’,‘the officer’,etc.”
如“天”“天命”之類的詞,理雅各盡量不采用類似“God”等更符合西方文化的方式來進行翻譯,而是用“Heaven”“The decrees of heaven”等更符合原文、更接近直譯的詞語。如上述的“Heaven is destroying me”,再如“五十而知天命”則譯為“At fifty,I knew the decrees of heaven”。
再次,《論語》原文有的是無主語句,甚至殘缺句,其上下文也多無明顯的連詞用以銜接或連貫。譯文則在盡量與原文句式保持一致的基礎上,適當?shù)赜猛暾疫B貫的英文句式進行翻譯,使之更為緊湊,也便于讀者閱讀和理解。而對于同一章中連綴而意思不相關聯(lián)的句子,其文則先于原文標注“節(jié)”,而后譯文按編號分別翻譯、注釋。
書中每章之后都有尾注,是有關于這一章的統(tǒng)一注釋,包括對論語原文和譯文的詞語進行解釋,并說明如是翻譯的緣由。如此不僅使翻譯和注釋融合成一體,且對讀者理解原文的意義亦具有重要的參考價值。如上面提到的“天命”翻譯,其注釋則為:“‘The decrees of Heaven’=the things decreed by Heaven,the constitution of things making what was proper to be so.”將“天命”譯為類似“萬物之所以為萬物之道”,將原文的“形”和“意”都表現(xiàn)了出來,與為了更符合西方文化而將之翻譯為“The truth in religion”的辜鴻銘譯本相較,則似乎更忠于原著。此外,在章后的注釋中,又帶有對《論語》相關知識背景的介紹,并標明其在中文相關典籍的出處。如《學而篇》第一章后,有一段對于“論語”一詞的意思及《論語》的成書背景的介紹。
在對于較難理解、解釋的章節(jié)或語句上,理雅各譯本亦能有恰當?shù)陌盐铡H纭稙檎返摹白釉唬骸硬黄鳌!崩硌鸥髟谧g文的正文中直譯為:“The Master said,‘The accomplished scholar is not a utensil.’”然后,他于注釋中解釋為“This is not like our Eng.Saying,that ‘such a man is a machine’,—a blind instrument.A utensil has its particular use.It answers for that and no other.Not so with the superior man,who is ad omnia paratus(拉丁語,準備好了一切)”。這就將“器”的含義較為還原地解釋了出來。
再如《為政篇》的“子曰:‘君子周而不比,小人比而不周。’”其譯文為:“The Master said,‘The superior man is catholic and not partisan.The mean man is partisan and not catholic.’”其注釋為:“比,here low.3d tone,‘partial’,‘partizanly’.The sent,is this—‘With the Keun-tsze,it is principles not men;with the small man,the reverse.’”其亦將“比”和“周”中含有原則、道義的意思適當?shù)亟忉屃顺鰜怼?/p>
對于如“君子”“仁”這類在不同語境有特定含義的詞,理雅各亦能結(jié)合語境,用不同的詞語對其進行翻譯。如“君子”在“人不知而不慍,不亦君子乎?”和“君子食無求飽”中,便譯為“a man of complete virtue”;而在“君子不重則不威”中,則譯為“scholar”;在“君子不器”中又譯為“accomplished scholar”,在“君子周而不比”中則又譯為“superior man”。還有在同一章中譯法不同的,如在“子曰:‘君子無所爭,必也射乎!揖讓而升,下而飲,其爭也君子?!敝校熬印北惴謩e譯為“The student of virtue”和“Keun-tsze”。對于“仁”,其翻譯亦是多樣。如在“我未見好仁者”中譯為“virtue”;在“巧言令色,鮮矣仁”中便譯為“true virtue”;在“人而不仁,如禮何”中,又譯為“the virtue proper to humanity”;在“子貢曰:‘如有博施于民而能濟眾,何如?可謂仁乎?’”中譯為“perfectly virtuous”。
而對于在原文中變有歧義或有多種解釋的詞句,理雅各則沒有都進行細致羅列與分析,而是采用了較為通行的說法進行翻譯與解釋。如“楚狂接輿歌而過孔子”中“接輿”則直接音譯,并于后注釋為:“Ts’?ěyu was the designation of one luh T’ung(陸通),a native of Ts’oo,who feigned himself mad,to escape being importuned to engage in public service.There are several notices of him in the 集澄,in loc.It must have been about the year,B.C.489,that the incident in the text occurred.By the fung,his satirizer or adviser intended Confucius;see Ⅸ.8.”
如上,則注釋亦沒有提到關于此處的其他說法或爭議,也沒有對“接輿”做更細致的考究。如楊伯峻《論語譯注》中談到的說法:“接輿——曹之升《四書摭余說》云:‘《論語》所記隱士皆以其事名之。門者謂之“晨門”,杖者謂之“丈人”,津者謂之“沮”“溺”,接孔子之輿者謂之“接輿”,非名亦非字也?!?/p>
隧道管片的受力比較接近于單向受力狀態(tài),管片的疲勞壽命是由其拉、壓狀態(tài)共同決定的。因此,采用單軸受拉疲勞經(jīng)驗公式(7)[29]來對管片進行受力計算,采用單軸受壓疲勞經(jīng)驗公式(8)[30]對管片的疲勞壽命進行驗算,其計算公式如下:
再如:“攻乎異端,斯害也已。”譯文為:“The study of strange doctrines is injurious indeed!”其注釋為:
攻,often “to attack”,as an enemy,here=“to apply one’s-self to”,“to study”.端,“correct”;then,“beginnings”,“first principles”;here=“doctrines”.也已,as in 1.14.In Conf.Time Buddhism was not in China,and we can hardly suppose him to intend Taouism.Indeed,we are ignorant to what doctrines he referred,but his maxim is of gen.application.
其譯文并未對此段話的多重解讀進行羅列或考證,而是將最具有指導意義的說法作為譯文的底本進行翻譯,并于最后強調(diào)了他如此翻譯的緣由。
由于東西方文化的巨大差異,理雅各譯本難以將《論語》深厚的內(nèi)涵充分展現(xiàn)給西方讀者,但其譯筆嚴謹、用詞考究的風格使其譯本不失為一部《論語》譯本中的佼佼者。
《The Analects of Confucius:A Philosophical Translation》作者為安樂哲(Roger T.Ames)、羅思文(Henry Rosemont,Jr.)。安樂哲(Roger T.Ames)是夏威夷大學中國哲學教授,兼中國研究中心主任;亦是《東西哲學》(Philosophy East &West)和《國際中國評論雜志》(China Review International)兩個刊物的主編。他早年所譯的《孫子:戰(zhàn)爭的藝術》(Sun-Tzu:The Art of Warfare),被公認為當代中國軍事和哲學研究的里程碑式的著作。羅思文(Henry Rosemont,Jr.)是馬里蘭大學圣瑪麗學院特聘教授,著作有《中國之鏡》(A Chinese Mirror)、《理性與宗教體驗》(Rationality and Religious Experience)、《有普世的宗教語法嗎》(Is There a Universal Grammar of Religion?)等。
本書在開頭的導言中介紹了一些《論語》的相關背景知識。在第一部分“Historical and Textual Background”(歷史文本背景)中,包括Master Kong/Confucius(孔子)、The Disciples(孔門弟子)、The Text(論語的成書)和Other Canonical Tradition(其他儒家經(jīng)典)的 介 紹。在“Philosophic and Linguistic Background”(哲學和語言學背景)中,分成了“Metaphysics,With Reference to Language”(關于語言的形而上學)、“Language,With Reference to Metaphysics”(關于形而上學的語言)、“Classical Chinese:How Does It Mean?”(文言文是什么?)和“The Chinese Lexicon”(術語解釋)這幾個板塊進行了介紹。在這些相關背景知識介紹中,作者討論了很多關于《論語》中特殊詞語的翻譯和理解的問題,包括內(nèi)涵豐富、較難翻譯和理解的“天”“仁”“禮”“信”“義”“智”“心”“和”“德”“善”“文”“孝”等,這對于讀者了解其翻譯方式的緣由具有重要意義。如其對于“天”的理解與翻譯:“Tian is a term that we have chosen not to translate,largely because we believe its normal English rendering as ‘heaven’ cannot but conjure up images derived from the Judeo-Christian tradition that we are not to be found in China;and ‘Nature’will not work either.”這里直言對于“天”音譯的原因,與其后翻譯正文相結(jié)合;在本段之后還有一段對“天”的含義更為詳細的分析與解釋,使讀者不至于在讀到后文音譯時感到困惑。
再如對于“仁”的理解及其翻譯:“Ren,translated herein as ‘a(chǎn)uthoritative conduct’,‘to act authoritatively’,or ‘a(chǎn)uthoritative person’,is the foremost project taken up by Confucius,and occurs over one hundred times in the text.”其后還有一段從甲骨文入手,較為深入地對“仁”進行闡釋與分析,使讀者在閱讀正文之前,就已經(jīng)對《論語》中的難點有了一定的、系統(tǒng)的了解。
在正文目錄中,其篇名采用繁體漢字原文,并配合Book1-20進行編排。正文20篇后有統(tǒng)一的“Notes to the Translation”對前文進行解釋說明。每章正文分兩部分,分別為漢字繁體橫排的《論語》正文和英文翻譯。
在對于某些特殊詞語的翻譯上,安樂哲、羅思文譯本正文則盡量保持與原文一致或直接使用音譯,其中不少已經(jīng)在前文導言中有所提及或給予了相當詳細的解釋與分析,而且在書后半部分的總注釋中再加以說明。如上文提到的“天”,在導言中已有詳述。“顏淵死。子曰:‘噫!天喪予!天喪予!’”譯文為:“When Yan Hui died,the Master cried,‘Oh my! Tian(天)is the ruin of me! Tian is the ruin of me!’”再如將“五十而知天命”譯為“from fifty I realized the propensities of tian(tianming天命)”,并注釋為“realizing the terrain around one”。如此,導言、正文、注釋前后映照,更易理解。
而對于同一章中連綴而意思不相關聯(lián)的句子,其文并未像理雅各譯本那樣,先于原文標注“節(jié)”,而后譯文按編號分別翻譯、注釋;而是直接統(tǒng)一在一段譯文中。
在對于較難理解、解釋的章節(jié)或語句上,安樂哲、羅思文譯本亦能有較為恰當?shù)陌盐?。如“君子?器”的 譯 文 為:“Exemplary persons(junzi 君 子)are not mere vessels.”其注釋為:“Confucius is keen to maintain a distinction between education and training.Personal cultivation is a matter of developing character,not acquiring specific skills.”其理解與理雅各版本大題一致。同樣,對于“君子周而不比,小人比而不周”的翻譯與理解,安樂哲、羅思文譯本也給予了很好的把握:“Exemplary persons(junzi 君 子)associating openly with others are not partisan;petty persons being partisan do not associate openly with others.”但其并沒有在注釋中做更多的解釋。
在正文后的統(tǒng)一注釋中,除了對譯文的解釋和相關文化內(nèi)涵的介紹,還標明了其譯文中所采用他人說法的出處。如“學而時習之,不亦說乎?”其譯文為:“Having studied,to then repeatedly apply what you have learned—is this not a source of pleasure?”注釋則為:
Glibert Ryle(1949)makes a distinction between“task”or “process”words such as “study”,and“achievement” or “success” words such as “l(fā)earn”.Given the priority of process and change over form and stasis as the natural condition of things in classical Chinese cosmology,the language tends to favour the former.See Hall and Ames(1998):229-30 and Hall and Ames(1995):183-97.
而對于在原文中變有歧義或有多種解釋的詞句,安樂哲、羅思文譯本則能夠進行較為細致的羅列與分析,而不只是采取一個通行的說法。如:“楚狂接輿歌而過孔子”中“楚狂接輿”,其譯為“A madman of Chu,Carriage Groom”,在其文后的注釋中,則詳細羅列了“楚狂接輿”的多種解釋及其出處:
This same madman of Chu also appears in Zhuangzi 19/7/4,where he observes that exercising impositional authority is anathema to effecting social orders:
Shoulder-Us went to see the madman,Carriage Groom.The mad Carriage Groom asked him,“What has Beginning-Midday been telling you?” Shoulder-Us replied,“He told me when a ruler on his own initiative lays down the formal instruments of government,who would dare disobey or remain unreformed by them!”The mad Carriage Groom observed,“This is a ruffian’s kind of excellence(de德).As far as its bringing proper order to the world,it would be like trying to walk across the ocean,or trying to drill one’s way through a river,or trying to make a mosquito carry a mountain on its back.When the sage(shengren 聖人)governs,does he govern the external? He straightens himself out before he does anything,and is concerned precisely with being able to go about his own business—no more,no less.”
Compare Graham(1981):95.Yang Bojun(1982):193 points out that recluses appearing in the Analects are named for their occupations:for example,the “gatekeeper” in 14.38.Here,then,Jie Yu,“carriage groom,” is both a name and occupation.
在附錄中,本書還提到了“定州《論語》”(The Dingzhou Analects)和“對語言、翻譯和詮釋的再分析”(Further Remarks on Language,Translation,and Interpretation)。在“定州《論語》”部分,譯本介紹了“定州論語”的出土情況及和傳世本《論語》的差異并對其進行了討論。在“對語言、翻譯和詮釋的再分析”部分中,則分別談到了語言及翻譯中的曲解(Language and the Vagaries of Translation)、文言文(The Classical Chinese Written Language)、對文言文的語法分析(The Classical Chinese Language:Syntactical Considerations)、對漢語的若干哲學反思(The Chinese Language:Some Philosophical Considerations)。
相較于更偏重直譯的理雅各譯本的譯文,安樂哲、羅思文譯本在便于西方讀者的閱讀方面似乎更勝一籌,其背景相關知識和注釋不僅豐富,且在對于如何翻譯《論語》,如何翻譯中國典籍問題亦討論得相當深入,并將翻譯的思考過程較為清晰地呈現(xiàn)給讀者。尤其是其導言、譯文、注釋三者的前后照應、相互關聯(lián)大大提升了讀者對于全書的整體把握,也更加深了讀者對于《論語》豐富內(nèi)涵的理解。但在忠于原著語言習慣,注重對原文,尤其是其表現(xiàn)力方面的還原方面,安樂哲、羅思文譯本還稍顯不足,這方面理雅各譯本則做得非常出色。
①〔蘇格蘭〕理雅各譯:《論語:中國儒家經(jīng)典》,遼寧人民出版社2016年版,第3頁。(本文有關該書引文均出自此版本,不再另注)
② 《辜鴻銘英譯〈論語〉》,云南人民出版社2011年版,第16頁。
③Roger T.Ames,&Henry Rosemont,Jr.The Analects of Confucius:A Philosophical Translation[M].New York:Ballantine Books,1999:45-46.(本文有關該書引文均出自此版本,不再另注)