馬增文 張斌
[摘要] 各種原因所引起的心臟驟停是嚴重的公共衛生問題,提高心臟驟停患者的存活率是現代醫學面臨的嚴峻挑戰之一。盡管近年來關于心肺復蘇的研究取得很大進展,但患者在恢復自主循環后的預后并沒有明顯改善。心臟驟停可致凝血功能紊亂,引起一系列生理病理改變,嚴重影響患者預后,目前已有一些針對該病理變化的臨床研究,通過常規及新型凝血功能監測手段探究其發生發展規律,且還有一些基礎研究不斷推理、驗證此病理變化的分子層面機制。然而不同原因引起的心臟驟停,其凝血功能改變是存在差異的,在特殊環境下,如高原地區,具有低氣壓、低氧相對于平原地區具有特殊外部環境,使得高原地區機體凝血機制異常,其心肺復蘇后凝血功能變化存在一定特異性,仍需大量研究去進一步探明其中變化影響,為心肺復蘇的個體化治療提供理論依據。本文就心肺復蘇后患者凝血功能改變這一臨床研究進展進行綜述。
[關鍵詞] 心跳驟停;自主循環恢復;心跳驟停后綜合征;凝血功能
[中圖分類號] R365? ? ? ? ? [文獻標識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-9701(2022)14-0194-03
Advances in the study on the alterations of coagulation function after cardiopulmonary resuscitation
MA Zengwen ZHANG Bin
1.Graduate School of Qinghai University, Xining 810016,China; 2.Emergency Intensive Care Unit, Qinghai Provincial People′s Hospital, Xining 810007, China
[Abstract] Cardiac arrest resulted from various causes is a serious public health problem. Improving the survival rate of patients with cardiac arrest has become one of the serious challenges in modern medicine.Despite the great advances in the study on cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in recent years, the prognosis of patients after the resumption of autonomic circulation has not improved significantly. Cardiac arrest can lead to coagulation disorders and a series of physiological and pathological alterations,which can seriously affect the prognosis of patients. Currently, some clinical studies have been conducted to investigate the development of these pathological alterations by means of conventional and novel coagulation function monitoring, and some basic studies have been conducted to deduce and verify the molecular-level mechanisms of these pathological alterations. However, there are differences in the alterations of coagulation function in cardiac arrest of different causes. For example, in special environments such as plateau areas, the coagulation mechanism of the body tends to be abnormal since air pressure and oxygen there are relatively lower than in plain areas. Besides, there will be certain specificity in the alterations of coagulation function after CPR, and a lot of studies are still required to further investigate the impact of these alterations, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the implementation of individualized CPR. This paper intends to review the advances in the clinical study on the alterations of coagulation function in patients after CPR.
[Key words] Cardiac arrest; Resumption of autonomic circulation; Post-cardiac arrest syndrome; Coagulation function
心臟驟停是世界上很多地區第一位的死亡原因,調查顯示美國的心臟驟停病例總數超過35萬例/年[1],而我國則超過54萬例/年[2],早期復蘇成功的患者入院死亡率可高達60%~80%[3],最終30 d存活率不到10%[4]。復蘇后綜合征(post-cardiac arrest syndrome, PCAS),是復蘇患者自主循環恢復(return of spontaneous circulation,ROSC)主要的死亡原因[3,5]。凝血機制異常是PCAS產生的重要原因之一[6],在ROSC患者中,持續存在凝血被激活,抗凝因子減少,纖溶增加等全身凝血障礙的證據。心肺復蘇(cardiopulmonary resuscitation,CPR)在近十幾年的研究中已取得較大進展,凝血功能改變在心臟驟停、CPR過程中、對患者治療及預后影響的相關研究也不斷深入,本文綜述相關的研究進展如下。
1 凝血功能產生的原因及機制
凝血機制被復雜生理及病理過程調控,正常情況下凝血系統與抗凝系統保持動態平衡,在出現心臟驟停等應激事件時被打破,心跳驟停產生的血流停滯、組織缺氧、酸中毒、血小板和白細胞黏附、炎癥因子和組織因子釋放等多種機制啟動凝血過程,導致凝血功能紊亂,在心前驟停前缺氧時間延長、無流速和低流速時間長的患者、無ROSC患者及非幸存者中,這些變化的程度更為嚴重[7]。除此之外,研究發現ROSC患者蛋白C相關的抗凝途徑受損及組織因子抗凝途徑的抑制等,同樣是導致凝血功能紊亂的重要原因[8]。并且在CPR過程中產生的缺血組織再灌注及所使用的低溫、腎上腺素及體外膜肺等治療方案,將進一步干擾凝血系統,導致凝血功能障礙的進一步加重[9]。引起心臟驟停的原因包括心源性因素及非心源性因素如缺氧、電解質紊亂、體溫異常、過敏等[10],主要以心肌梗死、心力衰竭及惡性心率失常等心源性心臟驟停最為常見,其次為呼吸功能不全所引起的心臟驟停[11]。一項初步研究提示[12],不同原因引起的心臟驟停其凝血功能改變存在一定差異,如由于缺氧而發生心臟驟停的PCAS患者更容易患上嚴重的凝血障礙,與心臟驟停并伴有心源性事件的患者相比,他們的病情與預后更差。其機制可能為低氧性心臟驟停既受循環驟停引起的缺氧的影響,又受心臟驟停前缺氧的影響,隨后產生更嚴重的內皮損傷和凝血纖溶變化,導致其預后不良。
2 凝血功能監測方法
目前凝血功能的常規檢測仍是:凝血酶原時間、活化部分凝血活酶時間、血小板、D-二聚體、國際標準化比值、纖維蛋白原等,這些指標早已用于ROSC患者凝血功能監測,并認為其改變與患者神經功能預后相關[13]。然而,凝血是一個復雜的過程,涉及各種因素的相互作用,如凝血因子、纖維蛋白、激活劑、抑制劑和其他相關細胞蛋白,進行常規凝血測試僅能讓臨床醫生了解當時凝血過程的某個階段,不能完整及時地反映出心臟驟?;颊呒捌湓趶吞K的過程中出現的凝血功能變化[14]。血栓彈力圖(thrombelastography,TEG)則是在體外模擬人體凝血功能動態變化,監測纖維蛋白的形成速度、溶解狀態和凝塊的堅固性、彈性等,其內容涵蓋從血小板聚集、凝血到纖溶的整個凝血過程[15]。研究結果表明,凝血的常用值與TEG之間存在良好的相關性[16],目前市面上存在的TEG儀短時間即可出結果,且部分儀器已有自動診斷功能,對ROSC患者凝血功能的改變可及時發現,急診室心臟復蘇期間,TEG所有重要的參數都在大約半小時內得到,可幫助臨床醫生及時診斷并調整治療方案,特別是其參考值在對心臟驟?;颊叩膫€體化治療指導及預后的指導存在一定優勢[17-18]。
3 監測凝血功能意義
ROSC患者常發生凝血功能紊亂,且在復蘇后患者中凝血功能紊亂持續存在,并參與PCAS的發生、發展,對患者病情轉歸具有及其重要的影響[19],據報道,有凝血障礙的心臟驟停患者的死亡率是無凝血障礙患者的3~4倍[20],因此凝血功能障礙是影響ROSC患者預后的原因之一。心臟驟停后患者凝血功能紊亂的主要改變為凝血功能增強[21],然而實驗和臨床研究并未證明抗凝劑對心臟驟停和復蘇患者是有益的[16]。Satosh等[22]認為,心臟驟停后發生的凝血功能激活、抗凝途徑不足、血管內纖維凝塊形成等,所引起的臟器功能障礙等一系列病理生理變化符合彌散性血管內凝血(disseminated intravascular coagulation,DIC)的表現。另有研究發現,這種DIC表現是不良預后及早期死亡風險的獨立預測因子[7],甚至可預測ROSC患者的神經預后[23-25]。在此觀點上認為ROSC患者合并的DIC不是簡單的凝血功能紊亂,針對PCAS合并DIC的患者制定相應治療策略是極其必要的[7]。國內已有學者使用連續性血液凈化聯合常規方法,對ROSC伴有凝血功能障礙的患者進行治療并取得一定效果[26],然而該方法對患者遠期預后及神經功能恢復的影響仍需多中心大樣本量的臨床研究數據予以支持。
4 展望
綜上所述,凝血功能紊亂貫穿于心臟驟停患者發生、發展、治療及轉歸的整個過程中,不同原因引起心臟驟停(心源性、窒息性、失血、休克等)凝血功能障礙生理病理改變過程是有差異的,影響深度也不一樣,目前仍需針對病因對ROSC患者的凝血功能改變做進一步研究,為心臟驟停的個體化治療提供理論依據。在特殊條件下,如高原寒冷缺氧的環境對人凝血狀態是影響是明確的[27-28],因此高原地區心臟驟停患者凝血狀態的改變及其發展勢必有所不同,是否需要行特殊處理,相關研究較少。高原并沒有列入心肺復蘇指南的特殊環境,高原特殊環境下的心肺復蘇在凝血變化方面是否與平原一致,是否應將高原環境列入心肺復蘇特殊環境需要進一步研究。TEG與傳統凝血監測良好的的相關性,及其所有重要的參數都可以在大約半小時內得到,能夠及時準備的識別凝血功能改變,可為臨床診治甚至預后提供迅速且可靠的參考指標。CPR患者凝血功能障礙的治療尚無單一的臨床標準或共識,而在心臟驟停合并DIC診斷的患者中,積極糾正凝血功能紊亂可能是一個合適的治療目標。
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(收稿日期:2021-11-19)