朱潔清,黃莉燕,黃佩綠,彭雪娟
·科研論著·
逆行腎內(nèi)輸尿管軟鏡碎石日間手術(shù)病人延遲出院的危險(xiǎn)因素
朱潔清,黃莉燕*,黃佩綠,彭雪娟
廣西醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院,廣西 530021
分析逆行腎內(nèi)輸尿管軟鏡碎石(RIRS)日間手術(shù)病人延遲出院的危險(xiǎn)因素,為減少RIRS日間手術(shù)病人延遲出院制訂措施提供依據(jù)?;仡櫺苑治瞿橙?jí)甲等醫(yī)院泌尿外科病區(qū)2019年7月—2022年12月行RIRS日間手術(shù)病人的臨床資料,將病人分為正常出院組(住院時(shí)間≤48 h)和延遲出院組(住院時(shí)間>48 h),分析其延遲出院的危險(xiǎn)因素。共納入786例RIRS日間手術(shù)病人,其中延遲出院病人119例,延遲出院發(fā)生率15.14%。Logistic回歸分析顯示,年齡[OR= 1.159,95%CI(1.124,1.195)]、手術(shù)時(shí)間[OR=1.092,95%CI(1.060,1.125)]、疼痛[OR=6.552,95%CI(3.292,13.043)]、術(shù)后發(fā)熱[OR=2.824,95%CI(1.269,6.285)]是RIRS日間手術(shù)病人延遲出院的獨(dú)立影響因素。RIRS日間手術(shù)病人存在延遲出院的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),護(hù)理人員要重視影響RIRS日間手術(shù)病人延遲出院的危險(xiǎn)因素,加強(qiáng)圍術(shù)期危險(xiǎn)因素的評(píng)估與管理,對(duì)高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)病人進(jìn)行精準(zhǔn)化干預(yù)。
逆行腎內(nèi)輸尿管軟鏡碎石術(shù);日間手術(shù);延遲出院;影響因素;護(hù)理
日間手術(shù)最早由英國(guó)醫(yī)生Nicoll提出,是指病人在24 h 內(nèi)完成術(shù)前檢查、麻醉評(píng)估、手術(shù)、出院的診療模式[1]。我國(guó)把日間手術(shù)住院時(shí)間修改為48 h之內(nèi)[2],如病人住院時(shí)間超過(guò)48 h,因術(shù)后恢復(fù)欠佳繼續(xù)治療或轉(zhuǎn)入社區(qū)醫(yī)院進(jìn)一步觀察稱為日間手術(shù)延遲出院[3]。延遲出院是評(píng)價(jià)日間手術(shù)醫(yī)療質(zhì)量的重要指標(biāo)之一,醫(yī)護(hù)人員要重視延遲出院的危險(xiǎn)因素,及時(shí)采取精準(zhǔn)化的護(hù)理措施進(jìn)行干預(yù)。目前,日間手術(shù)已應(yīng)用于行逆行腎內(nèi)輸尿管軟鏡碎石術(shù)(retrograde intrarenal surgery,RIRS)的腎結(jié)石病人中,并得到了病人及其家屬的認(rèn)可,但由于各種危險(xiǎn)因素的影響,可能導(dǎo)致部分病人延遲出院。目前對(duì)于RIRS日間手術(shù)術(shù)后延遲出院危險(xiǎn)因素的相關(guān)研究報(bào)道較少,本研究回顧性分析我院786例RIRS日間手術(shù)出院病人的臨床資料,篩選延遲出院的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,為制訂降低RIRS日間手術(shù)病人術(shù)后延遲出院發(fā)生率的護(hù)理對(duì)策提供臨床依據(jù)。
選取我院泌尿外科病區(qū)2019年7月—2022年12月行RIRS日間手術(shù)的786例病人作為研究對(duì)象。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):年齡≥18 歲;臨床確診為腎結(jié)石,經(jīng)麻醉醫(yī)生、手術(shù)醫(yī)生評(píng)估符合日間手術(shù)指征,并且按流程完成日間手術(shù)。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):同時(shí)行其他部位手術(shù)的病人;臨床數(shù)據(jù)缺失的病人。
根據(jù)該病的發(fā)病、治療、護(hù)理特點(diǎn)并查閱相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),征求專家意見后,確定資料收集內(nèi)容為年齡、性別、婚姻狀況、文化程度、體質(zhì)指數(shù)(BMI)、本地就醫(yī)、惡心嘔吐、疼痛、手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)后發(fā)熱等[3?5]。由1名主管護(hù)師及1名護(hù)師查閱病人電子病歷并收集臨床資料,對(duì)所收集的內(nèi)容由1名副主任護(hù)師及1名主管護(hù)師核對(duì),審核合格后將所收集的數(shù)據(jù)錄入Excel 表格,核對(duì)無(wú)誤后由另1名主管護(hù)師進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。
采用SPSS 20.0 軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。定性資料以例數(shù)表示,組間比較采用檢驗(yàn);符合正態(tài)分布的定量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(±)表示,組間比較采用檢驗(yàn)。采用多因素Logistic回歸對(duì)影響因素進(jìn)行分析,篩選RIRS日間手術(shù)病人延遲出院的危險(xiǎn)因素。以<0.05 為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
786例RIRS日間手術(shù)病人中,119例術(shù)后繼續(xù)治療時(shí)間>48 h,延遲出院發(fā)生率為 15.14%。單因素分析結(jié)果顯示,正常出院組和延遲出院組病人年齡、手術(shù)時(shí)間、文化程度、本地就醫(yī)、惡心嘔吐、疼痛、術(shù)后發(fā)熱比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(<0.05)。見表1。

表1 影響RIRS日間手術(shù)病人延遲出院的單因素分析
將單因素分析有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義變量納入Logistic回歸分析模型,變量賦值方式見表2。Logistic回歸分析結(jié)果顯示,年齡、手術(shù)時(shí)間、疼痛、術(shù)后發(fā)熱是影響RIRS日間手術(shù)病人延遲出院的因素(<0.05),見表3。

表2 變量賦值情況

表3 RIRS日間手術(shù)病人延遲出院的多因素Logistic回歸分析
本研究顯示,年齡越大的RIRS日間手術(shù)病人延遲出院的發(fā)生率越高,與相關(guān)研究結(jié)果[6?7]一致??赡芘c高齡病人全身麻醉后并發(fā)癥較多,生理機(jī)能衰退,健康狀況恢復(fù)較慢[8]及與老年人對(duì)于手術(shù)操作的耐受性不足有關(guān)[5]。病人隨著年齡增長(zhǎng),基礎(chǔ)疾病增多,機(jī)體免疫功能低下[9],另外可能由于研究中的老年病人基礎(chǔ)疾病較為復(fù)雜,病情較重所致[7],致使病人術(shù)后康復(fù)較慢,增加其延遲出院的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。因此,老年病人行RIRS日間手術(shù)時(shí),醫(yī)護(hù)人員要認(rèn)真做好病人的術(shù)前和術(shù)后評(píng)估,嚴(yán)格把控入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及麻醉的適應(yīng)證,對(duì)于合并有基礎(chǔ)疾病的老年病人行日間手術(shù)時(shí)需謹(jǐn)慎對(duì)待,做好其圍術(shù)期的安全管理。術(shù)后嚴(yán)密觀察生命體征、尿常規(guī)及血常規(guī)的變化等,如發(fā)現(xiàn)異常,要及時(shí)報(bào)告處理,有針對(duì)性地做好老年病人的癥狀管理及并發(fā)癥的預(yù)防,以降低延遲出院的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
本研究中,相對(duì)于正常出院組,延遲出院組病人手術(shù)時(shí)間更長(zhǎng),與已有的研究結(jié)果[10?11]一致。說(shuō)明手術(shù)時(shí)間越長(zhǎng),術(shù)后延遲出院的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)越高,可能是因?yàn)槭中g(shù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng),創(chuàng)傷大,增加了細(xì)菌感染率,導(dǎo)致術(shù)后延遲出院的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高。有研究表明,手術(shù)時(shí)間過(guò)長(zhǎng)是發(fā)生手術(shù)部位感染的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[12]。另外一項(xiàng)研究表明,手術(shù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)于預(yù)期的手術(shù)其發(fā)生手術(shù)部位感染的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高,而手術(shù)時(shí)間短于預(yù)期的手術(shù)其發(fā)生手術(shù)部位感染的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更低[13]。而感染的發(fā)生可延長(zhǎng)日間手術(shù)病人的住院時(shí)間[7]。因此,醫(yī)護(hù)人員要做好該類病人的術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備,提高手術(shù)護(hù)士與手術(shù)醫(yī)生的配合,以縮短手術(shù)時(shí)間[14]。病房護(hù)士要重點(diǎn)了解術(shù)中情況,尤其是手術(shù)時(shí)間,以便加強(qiáng)此類病人的觀察與管理,減少延遲出院的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
本研究結(jié)果提示,術(shù)后疼痛是影響RIRS日間手術(shù)病人出院延遲的重要獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,與劉洋等[15]的研究結(jié)果基本一致。術(shù)后疼痛影響病人的早期下床活動(dòng)[16]、情緒、休息及進(jìn)食等,嚴(yán)重影響病人術(shù)后康復(fù)時(shí)間,導(dǎo)致病人延遲出院[17]。術(shù)前應(yīng)教會(huì)病人自行進(jìn)行疼痛評(píng)估,做好病人術(shù)后疼痛評(píng)估工作,識(shí)別疼痛敏感性高的病人,并做好提前干預(yù);術(shù)后對(duì)病人進(jìn)行超前平衡鎮(zhèn)痛,其原理是在疼痛出現(xiàn)前已利用不同類別止痛藥物及麻醉技術(shù)的協(xié)同作用,主動(dòng)干預(yù)疼痛,以達(dá)到早期止痛、鎮(zhèn)痛充分的目的[18]。建議病人在鎮(zhèn)痛措施下早期下床活動(dòng),減少術(shù)后并發(fā)癥,促進(jìn)康復(fù)[19]。有研究證明,術(shù)后實(shí)施多模式鎮(zhèn)痛措施,可緩解病人疼痛感,從而減輕機(jī)體炎癥反應(yīng),保障病人良好的睡眠質(zhì)量,加快術(shù)后康復(fù)速度[20],縮短住院時(shí)間。縮短術(shù)后首次下床活動(dòng)時(shí)間,加快術(shù)后胃腸功能的恢復(fù),縮短術(shù)后禁食時(shí)間,符合快速康復(fù)外科理念的要求[21]。
本研究顯示,術(shù)后發(fā)熱是影響延遲出院的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。術(shù)后發(fā)熱與感染關(guān)系密切[22?23],術(shù)后感染也是泌尿系統(tǒng)手術(shù)后較為常見的并發(fā)癥之一,感染的出現(xiàn)需給予相應(yīng)的抗感染處理,導(dǎo)致了住院時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)[24],術(shù)后發(fā)生感染的病人絕大多數(shù)需要進(jìn)行抗感染治療。另外,病人高熱退熱過(guò)程中,大量出汗,大量體液丟失,而且高熱病人食欲較差,入量不足時(shí)容易引起水電解紊亂、頭昏、乏力等,致使病人不能按照快速康復(fù)理念要求早期下床活動(dòng),使術(shù)后恢復(fù)速度變慢,導(dǎo)致病人住院時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)[25]。因此,醫(yī)護(hù)人員應(yīng)動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)病人的體溫及相關(guān)血液學(xué)指標(biāo)的變化,發(fā)現(xiàn)異常及時(shí)處理。保持術(shù)后尿管通暢,防止打折、受壓等引流不暢,減少尿液反流導(dǎo)致的逆行感染,同時(shí)合理使用抗生素,預(yù)防感染,以縮短病人住院時(shí)間,減少延遲出院的發(fā)生。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,年齡、手術(shù)時(shí)間、疼痛、術(shù)后發(fā)熱是影響RIRS日間手術(shù)病人延遲出院的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。對(duì)伴有此類危險(xiǎn)因素的病人要做好充分的術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估及癥狀管理,動(dòng)態(tài)觀察病人圍術(shù)期病情變化,早期進(jìn)行精準(zhǔn)化的干預(yù)處理,降低延遲出院的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),提高日間手術(shù)的醫(yī)療質(zhì)量和安全性。但本研究為單中心、回顧性研究,研究對(duì)象較局限,建議未來(lái)開展縱向的多中心研究,繼續(xù)探索和挖掘其危險(xiǎn)因素。
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Study on risk factors of delayed discharge in patients undergoing retrograde intrarenal surgery
ZHUJieqing, HUANGLiyan, HUANGPeilv, PENGXuejuan
The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi 530021 China
To analyze the risk factors of delayed discharge in patients undergoing day surgery of retrograde intrarenal surgery(RIRS),and to provide clinical basis for formulating measures to reduce the delayed discharge rate.The clinical data of patients who underwent RIRS day surgery in the urology ward of a tertiary Grade A hospital from July 2019 to December 2022 were retrospectively analyzed.The patients were divided into normal discharge group (hospitalization time ≤48 h) and delayed discharge group (hospitalization time>48 h).U Logistic regression were used to analyze the risk factors of delayed discharge.A total of 786 patients with RIRS day surgery were included in this study, among which 119 patients (15.14%) were delayed in discharge.Logistic regression analysis showed that age(OR=1.159,95%CI 1.124?1.195),operation time(OR=1.092,95%CI 1.060?1.125),pain(OR=6.552,95%CI 3.292?13.043),postoperative fever(OR=2.824,95%CI 1.269?6.285) were independent influencing factors for delayed discharge in patients undergoing RIRS day surgery.Patients undergoing RIRS day surgery have a risk of delayed discharge.Nursing staff should pay attention to the risk factors affecting delayed discharge in patients with RIRS day surgery,strengthen the evaluation and management of perioperative risk factors, and carry out precise intervention for patients with high risk.
retrograde intrarenal surgery, RIRS; day surgery; delayed discharge; influencing factors; nursing care
廣西壯族自治區(qū)衛(wèi)生健康委員會(huì)自籌經(jīng)費(fèi)科研項(xiàng)目,編號(hào):Z20190819
朱潔清,主管護(hù)師,本科
黃莉燕,E?mail:121667480@qq.com
朱潔清,黃莉燕,黃佩綠,等.逆行腎內(nèi)輸尿管軟鏡碎石日間手術(shù)病人延遲出院的危險(xiǎn)因素[J].護(hù)理研究,2023,37(21):3852?3856.
10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2023.21.010
(2023-05-24;
2023-10-18)
HUANG Liyan, E?mail: 121667480@qq.com

(本文編輯 崔曉芳)