【摘要】" 膝骨關(guān)節(jié)炎(KOA)是全球范圍內(nèi)流行的慢性關(guān)節(jié)疾病,不僅顯著影響患者的生活質(zhì)量,而且對(duì)個(gè)人及社會(huì)造成沉重的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)。近年來,富血小板血漿(PRP)治療KOA引起了越來越多研究者的關(guān)注,但其有效性及安全性仍存在爭(zhēng)議。因此,總結(jié)PRP治療KOA的生物學(xué)基礎(chǔ)、臨床研究現(xiàn)狀、未來研究方向,可為今后PRP應(yīng)用于KOA的治療提供參考。
【關(guān)鍵詞】" 富血小板血漿;膝骨關(guān)節(jié)炎;研究進(jìn)展
中圖分類號(hào)" R684.3" "文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼" A" " 文章編號(hào)" 1671-0223(2025)05--05
Research progress on platelet-rich plasma therapy for knee osteoarthritis" Chen Yunxiu, Lei Lei, Ji Gang, Zhu Jiawang. Clinical Medical College, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, China
【Abstract】" Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a prevalent chronic joint disease worldwide, significantly impacting patients' quality of life and imposing heavy economic burdens on individuals and society. In recent years, platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy for KOA has garnered increasing attention from researchers, though its effectiveness and safety remain controversial. Therefore, summarizing the biological basis, clinical research status and future research direction of PRP treatment of KOA can provide reference for the future application of PRP in the treatment of KOA.
【Key words】nbsp; "Platelet-rich plasma; Knee osteoarthritis; Research progress
膝骨關(guān)節(jié)炎(knee osteoarthritis,KOA)是一種全球范圍內(nèi)流行的慢性關(guān)節(jié)疾病[1-2]。Cui等[1]的研究納入了超過1000萬(wàn)名15歲及以上的個(gè)體,結(jié)果顯示KOA的總患病率達(dá)16.0%,且患病率隨年齡增長(zhǎng)而升高。Bedenbaugh等[2]分析了超過50萬(wàn)例KOA患者,發(fā)現(xiàn)KOA患者的年門診費(fèi)用和藥房費(fèi)用分別為12571美元和3655美元,遠(yuǎn)高于對(duì)照組的6465美元和2038美元。KOA不僅危害個(gè)人健康,也對(duì)社會(huì)造成了沉重負(fù)擔(dān)。因此,KOA的治療成為一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期且備受關(guān)注的問題。
近年來,富血小板血漿(platelet-rich plasma,PRP)作為新興的生物治療方法受到廣泛關(guān)注。Lin等[3]進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)前瞻性隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究顯示,在輕至中度KOA患者中,與關(guān)節(jié)腔內(nèi)注射生理鹽水和透明質(zhì)酸相比,關(guān)節(jié)腔內(nèi)注射PRP能夠有效提高關(guān)節(jié)功能,且這種療效可持續(xù)至少1年。然而,Bennell等[4]的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)顯示,對(duì)于輕至中度的KOA患者,關(guān)節(jié)腔內(nèi)注射PRP在緩解癥狀和改善關(guān)節(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)方面與安慰劑相比無顯著差異。目前許多共識(shí)和指南對(duì)PRP治療KOA的有效性和建議仍然模糊。2019年,國(guó)際骨關(guān)節(jié)炎研究學(xué)會(huì)發(fā)布的非手術(shù)治療關(guān)節(jié)炎指南中強(qiáng)烈建議不使用關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)腔注射PRP,原因是支持該治療的證據(jù)質(zhì)量極低[5]。而2021年在《中華骨科雜志》發(fā)布的《中國(guó)骨關(guān)節(jié)炎診療指南(2021年版)》則沒有強(qiáng)烈的反對(duì)傾向,文章指出PRP可能改善局部炎癥反應(yīng),但其作用機(jī)制、療效及安全性還需要更多長(zhǎng)期隨訪和高質(zhì)量的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)來進(jìn)一步證實(shí)[6]。在上述指南發(fā)布后,越來越多關(guān)于PRP治療KOA的隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究被發(fā)表[7-9]。本文就PRP治療KOA的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述,旨在為今后PRP應(yīng)用于KOA的治療提供參考。
1" PRP治療KOA的生物學(xué)基礎(chǔ)
PRP富含多種生物活性因子,如血小板衍生生長(zhǎng)因子、轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子-β、胰島素樣生長(zhǎng)因子和血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子。這些生物活性因子不僅可促進(jìn)膠原蛋白和其他基質(zhì)成分的合成,還可以通過調(diào)節(jié)炎癥反應(yīng)優(yōu)化局部微環(huán)境,研究表明,PRP具有促進(jìn)細(xì)胞增殖、抑制細(xì)胞凋亡、拮抗炎癥反應(yīng)、促進(jìn)受損軟骨修復(fù)的作用[10-12]。
1.1" 促進(jìn)細(xì)胞增殖、抑制細(xì)胞凋亡
在組織修復(fù)或再生過程中,細(xì)胞增殖是關(guān)鍵步驟。一些研究證實(shí)PRP能夠促進(jìn)不同類型細(xì)胞的增殖[12-13]。Cho等[12]發(fā)現(xiàn),PRP可顯著促進(jìn)人皮膚成纖維細(xì)胞的增殖和遷移,并增加Ⅰ型前膠原、彈性蛋白、基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinase,MMP)-1和MMP-2的表達(dá)。Misiura等[14]使用人類角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞作為實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象,發(fā)現(xiàn)PRP通過激活細(xì)胞周期進(jìn)程和表皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體下游信號(hào)傳導(dǎo),誘導(dǎo)人類角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞的遷移、增殖和膠原蛋白生物合成。
Zheng等[15]研究指出,2.5%~20.0%濃度的PRP能夠顯著促進(jìn)施萬(wàn)細(xì)胞的增殖和遷移,并顯著增加神經(jīng)生長(zhǎng)因子和神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞源性神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子的表達(dá),而高濃度(40.0%)的PRP會(huì)抑制上述效應(yīng)。相似地,Moussa等[13]分析了5.0%、10.0%和20.0%濃度的PRP對(duì)KOA患者軟骨細(xì)胞的影響,證實(shí)PRP能夠促進(jìn)軟骨細(xì)胞增殖,抑制凋亡,并增加自噬及其相關(guān)標(biāo)志物的表達(dá)。其中20.0%濃度的PRP可最大程度地降低MMP-3、MMP-13和解聚蛋白樣金屬蛋白酶5的表達(dá),并增加轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子-β、蛋白聚糖和Ⅱ型膠原的表達(dá)。
1.2" 拮抗炎癥反應(yīng)、促進(jìn)受損軟骨修復(fù)
炎癥介質(zhì)的產(chǎn)生、炎癥通路的激活和炎癥細(xì)胞的浸潤(rùn)在KOA發(fā)生和發(fā)展中發(fā)揮著重要作用[16-17]。一些研究表明,PRP能夠拮抗關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)炎癥反應(yīng)并促進(jìn)受損軟骨的修復(fù)[18-19]。Tucker等[20]研究顯示,PRP治療后,KOA患者的臨床癥狀顯著改善,關(guān)節(jié)滑液中白細(xì)胞介素(interleukin,IL)-5、IL-6、IL-10、α2-巨球蛋白和腫瘤壞死因子-α水平發(fā)生顯著變化。Sundman等[19]將全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)患者的滑膜和軟骨與PRP培養(yǎng)基共培養(yǎng),結(jié)果顯示,與對(duì)照組相比,PRP培養(yǎng)基中腫瘤壞死因子-α的濃度顯著降低,滑膜細(xì)胞中的MMP-13表達(dá)顯著下調(diào),透明質(zhì)酸合酶-2表達(dá)顯著上調(diào),軟骨中的蛋白聚糖表達(dá)顯著上調(diào)。Sun等[21]的研究也得出了類似結(jié)果,PRP可降低軟骨細(xì)胞中MMP-13、Bcl-2相關(guān)X蛋白和炎癥因子如IL-1β、IL-18、腫瘤壞死因子-α的mRNA表達(dá),同時(shí)增加Ⅱ型膠原和抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2的表達(dá)。此外,PRP還可通過上調(diào)miR-337和miR-375的表達(dá)影響炎癥和細(xì)胞凋亡過程,從而減輕KOA相關(guān)癥狀。一些研究指出,PRP治療KOA還涉及巨噬細(xì)胞亞型調(diào)節(jié)、關(guān)節(jié)軟骨和滑膜細(xì)胞淺層區(qū)蛋白分泌、缺氧誘導(dǎo)因子-2α的激活和Wnt/β-catenin信號(hào)通路調(diào)節(jié)[22-23]。
2" PRP治療KOA的臨床研究現(xiàn)狀
2.1" PRP治療KOA療效可信的臨床研究
Yurtbay等[7]在一項(xiàng)隨機(jī)、雙盲、安慰劑對(duì)照的臨床試驗(yàn)中,研究了PRP注射和生理鹽水注射治療KOA的療效,并比較了多次注射與單次注射的效果,結(jié)果顯示,PRP治療KOA療效可信,多次注射可提高療效、延長(zhǎng)持續(xù)時(shí)間。Wu等[24]將20例KOA患者隨機(jī)分配為接受PRP注射和接受生理鹽水注射治療,結(jié)果顯示,PRP組西安大略和麥克馬斯特大學(xué)骨關(guān)節(jié)炎指數(shù)(Western Ontario and McMaster Universities osteoarthritis index,WOMAC)評(píng)分顯著優(yōu)于生理鹽水組,尤其是在減輕疼痛、改善僵硬和功能障礙方面效果顯著。Nunes-Tamashiro等[8]在一項(xiàng)隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)中比較了PRP、生理鹽水和曲安奈德己酸酯治療KOA的效果,發(fā)現(xiàn)曲安奈德己酸酯在短期內(nèi)能更有效地改善KOA癥狀,而PRP在長(zhǎng)期抑制KOA進(jìn)展方面更具優(yōu)勢(shì)。
Sdeek等[25]在一項(xiàng)隨機(jī)、雙盲的臨床試驗(yàn)中比較了PRP和透明質(zhì)酸治療中度KOA的療效,結(jié)果顯示,在36個(gè)月的隨訪期內(nèi),PRP較透明質(zhì)酸的癥狀緩解時(shí)間更長(zhǎng)、功能改善更顯著,且需要再次注射的次數(shù)更少。Kü?ükakka?等[9]比較了PRP和透明質(zhì)酸治療KOA的效果,在6個(gè)月的隨訪期間,兩組患者疼痛視覺模擬評(píng)分(visual analogue scale,VAS)和WOMAC評(píng)分均顯著改善,透明質(zhì)酸在增加股骨軟骨厚度方面較PRP更顯著。Huang等[26]比較了PRP、透明質(zhì)酸和皮質(zhì)類固醇治療KOA的療效,結(jié)果顯示在6、9和12個(gè)月隨訪時(shí),PRP組膝關(guān)節(jié)功能評(píng)分改善顯著優(yōu)于透明質(zhì)酸和皮質(zhì)類固醇組。Raeissadat等[27]比較了PRP、透明質(zhì)酸、富含生長(zhǎng)因子血漿和臭氧注射治療KOA的短期和長(zhǎng)期療效,結(jié)果表明,在2個(gè)月時(shí),臭氧注射療效最佳;在6個(gè)月時(shí),PRP、富含生長(zhǎng)因子血漿和透明質(zhì)酸的療效優(yōu)于臭氧注射;12個(gè)月時(shí),PRP和富含生長(zhǎng)因子血漿的效果仍優(yōu)于透明質(zhì)酸和臭氧注射。
Rahimzadeh等[28]在一項(xiàng)隨機(jī)、雙盲的臨床試驗(yàn)中比較了PRP和葡萄糖增生療法治療KOA的療效,結(jié)果顯示,在2個(gè)月的隨訪期間,兩組患者的整體WOMAC評(píng)分均迅速改善,在6個(gè)月時(shí)有所惡化,但仍較治療前有改善,在減輕疼痛和改善膝關(guān)節(jié)功能方面,PRP比葡萄糖增生療法更有效。
2.2" PRP治療KOA療效有限或有爭(zhēng)議的臨床研究
Bennell等[4]開展了一項(xiàng)雙盲、隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn),比較了PRP和生理鹽水注射對(duì)輕至中度KOA患者癥狀和關(guān)節(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)的影響,結(jié)果顯示,在12個(gè)月內(nèi),兩組間療效無顯著差異。相似地,Lewis等[29]的研究結(jié)果表明,與生理鹽水注射相比,無論是單次還是多次PRP注射,在早期KOA治療中均未顯示出更顯著的益處。
Dório等[30]比較了PRP、生理鹽水和普通血漿在改善KOA癥狀方面的療效,結(jié)果顯示,在24周時(shí)3組患者VAS評(píng)分變化無顯著差異,但PRP組不良事件發(fā)生率較高,達(dá)到65.0%,而生理鹽水組和血漿組分別為33.0%和24.0%。Dulic等[31]比較了PRP、透明質(zhì)酸和骨髓抽吸濃縮物治療KOA的效果,結(jié)果顯示,在12個(gè)月內(nèi),3組研究指標(biāo)均有顯著改善,但骨髓抽吸濃縮物組的VAS評(píng)分、WOMAC評(píng)分和膝關(guān)節(jié)損傷與骨關(guān)節(jié)炎評(píng)分均優(yōu)于其他組,雖然PRP組略優(yōu)于透明質(zhì)酸組,但差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。另一項(xiàng)由Pishgahi等[32]進(jìn)行的隨機(jī)臨床試驗(yàn)比較了PRP、葡萄糖增生療法和自體條件血清對(duì)KOA患者的療效,結(jié)果顯示,PRP組和自體條件血清組患者在隨訪期間疼痛和膝關(guān)節(jié)功能均有改善,自體條件血清組患者的改善效果更為顯著,認(rèn)為自體條件血清較PRP更有效,且副作用更少。
2.3" PRP治療KOA療效Meta分析研究
Hong等[33]的Meta分析指出,與安慰劑相比,PRP在6個(gè)月可顯著改善膝關(guān)節(jié)VAS評(píng)分和國(guó)際膝關(guān)節(jié)文獻(xiàn)委員會(huì)評(píng)分;與透明質(zhì)酸相比,PRP在VAS評(píng)分、WOMAC評(píng)分和國(guó)際膝關(guān)節(jié)文獻(xiàn)委員會(huì)評(píng)分改善方面更顯著。此外,PRP的副作用發(fā)生率與安慰劑和透明質(zhì)酸相比無顯著差異。Li等[34]對(duì)12項(xiàng)隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)進(jìn)行了分析,結(jié)果顯示,PRP治療可顯著改善KOA患者的膝關(guān)節(jié)功能,且不增加不良事件的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
Nie等[35]的Meta分析指出,PRP在改善疼痛和膝關(guān)節(jié)功能方面比生理鹽水和皮質(zhì)類固醇更有效,另外,通過間接比較得出,富白細(xì)胞PRP和低白細(xì)胞PRP在疼痛緩解和功能改善方面無顯著差異。但Kim等[36]指出,富白細(xì)胞PRP與低白細(xì)胞PRP療效相似,富白細(xì)胞PRP的局部不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn),尤其是疼痛和關(guān)節(jié)腫脹風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高于低白細(xì)胞PRP。
3" PRP治療KOA的未來研究方向
未來PRP治療KOA的研究重點(diǎn)應(yīng)聚焦于優(yōu)化治療方法、深化臨床研究,以實(shí)現(xiàn)最佳治療效果。
3.1" PRP的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化制備
目前PRP制備方法之間存在差異,這影響了治療結(jié)果的一致性和可比性。Dohan等[37]將PRP分為4類:純PRP、富白細(xì)胞血小板血漿、純富血小板纖維蛋白和富白細(xì)胞血小板纖維蛋白,不同類型的PRP所含的生物活性因子不同,生理功能也不同。Bansal等[38]分析了PRP治療KOA的劑量和濃度,指出在中度KOA的治療中,確保血小板數(shù)量達(dá)到100億是關(guān)鍵,這對(duì)取得長(zhǎng)期療效至關(guān)重要。未來PRP的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化制備研究應(yīng)包括確定血小板的濃縮比例、活性生長(zhǎng)因子的最優(yōu)水平以及是否加入輔助添加劑等。
3.2" 明確最優(yōu)治療策略
盡管PRP展現(xiàn)出治療KOA的潛力,但目前關(guān)于其適應(yīng)證及治療方案的具體細(xì)節(jié)仍然缺乏共識(shí)。Aiyer等[39]建議PRP僅適用于早期骨關(guān)節(jié)炎且年齡低于65歲的患者。Kikuchi等[40]則認(rèn)為年齡大于20歲且有癥狀的KOA患者均可使用PRP。未來研究應(yīng)明確PRP的合適人群,有效的注射次數(shù)、治療間隔以及整個(gè)治療周期的長(zhǎng)度,找出最佳的療效與成本效益比。
3.3" 開展廣泛的臨床試驗(yàn)、評(píng)估PRP治療的長(zhǎng)期療效
為進(jìn)一步明確PRP治療KOA的有效性和安全性,需要進(jìn)行大樣本量的多中心臨床研究。雖然短期內(nèi)PRP治療KOA顯示出一定的有效性,但其長(zhǎng)期效果及對(duì)疾病進(jìn)展的影響仍需進(jìn)一步研究。
4" 小結(jié)
PRP治療KOA是一種前景廣闊的生物治療方法。目前研究表明PRP治療KOA能夠改善疼痛和關(guān)節(jié)功能,具有良好的安全性。然而,為了充分挖掘、利用PRP的治療潛力,需要進(jìn)一步的研究使制備過程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、明確最優(yōu)治療策略,開展廣泛的臨床試驗(yàn),評(píng)估PRP治療的長(zhǎng)期療效。
5" 參考文獻(xiàn)
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[2025-02-09收稿]