


[摘要] 目的 比較持續性房顫(persistent atrial fibrillation,PsAF)合并射血分數保留的心力衰竭(heart failure with preserved ejection fraction,HFpEF)與射血分數降低的心力衰竭(heart failure with reduced ejection fraction,HFrEF)的臨床特征差異,明確PsAF合并心力衰竭(heart failure,HF)的影響因素和預測效能。方法 選取2023年2月至2025年2月萊陽市中醫醫院收治的117例PsAF住院患者,根據HF類型分為PsAF+HFpEF組(n=42)、PsAF+HFrEF組(n=34)和PsAF組(n=41)。比較三組患者的基線資料、血尿酸(uric acid,UA)水平及超聲心動圖參數[左室射血分數(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)、左室舒張末期內徑(left ventricular end diastolic diameter,LVEDD)、左室收縮末期內徑(left ventricular end systolic diameter,LVESD)、左心房內徑(left atrium diameter,LAD)、右心室內徑(right ventricular diameter,RVD)、左室舒張末期容積(left ventricular end diastolic volume,LVEDV)、左室收縮末期容積(left ventricular end systolic volume,LVESV)、每搏輸出量(stroke volume,SV)及肺動脈收縮壓(pulmonary artery systolic pressure,PASP)]。采用多因素Logistic回歸分析識別PsAF合并HF的獨立影響因素,繪制受試者操作特征曲線(receiver operating characteristic curve,ROC曲線)評估預測效能。結果 PsAF+HFpEF組和PsAF+HFrEF組患者的紐約心臟病協會(New York Heart Association,NYHA)心功能分級Ⅲ~Ⅳ級和高尿酸血癥比例及心率、N末端腦鈉肽前體(N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide,NT-proBNP)、UA均顯著高于PsAF組(Plt;0.05)。PsAF+HFrEF組患者的血肌酐水平顯著高于PsAF+HFpEF組和PsAF組(Plt;0.05)。PsAF+HFrEF組患者的LVESD、LVEDD、LAD、RVD、PASP、LVEDV、LVESV均顯著高于PsAF組(Plt;0.05);PsAF+HFpEF組患者的LVESD、LVEDD、LAD、LVEDV、LVESV均顯著低于PsAF+HFrEF組(Plt;0.05),LAD、PASP均顯著高于PsAF組(Plt;0.05)。三組患者的LVEF比較差異有統計學意義(Plt;0.05),依次為PsAF組gt;PsAF+HFpEF組gt;PsAF+HFrEF組。多因素Logistic回歸分析顯示NT-proBNP、UA、NYHA心功能分級Ⅲ~Ⅳ級均是PsAF并發HF的獨立危險因素,LVEF是獨立保護因素(Plt;0.05)。NT-proBNP+UA+LVEF聯合預測PsAF并發HF的曲線下面積為0.967。結論 NT-proBNP、UA和LVEF均是PsAF并發HF的獨立預測因子,三項聯合具有較高的預測價值,為臨床風險分層提供較高的工具。
[關鍵詞] 持續性房顫;尿酸;超聲心動圖;心力衰竭
[中圖分類號] R541.7" " " [文獻標識碼] A" " " [DOI] 10.3969/j.issn.1673-9701.2025.22.012
The predictive value of serum uric acid and echocardiography for heart failure in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation
CAO Lihui1, TANG Hongzhi2, HUO Xianghui3
1. Department of Ultrasound, Laiyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Laiyang 265200, Shandong, China; 2. Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Laiyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Laiyang 265200, Shandong, China; 3. Department of Medical Imaging, Laiyang People’s Hospital, Laiyang 265200, Shandong, China
[Abstract] Objective To compare the differences in clinical characteristics between persistent atrial fibrillation (PsAF) combined with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), and to clarify the influencing factors and predictive efficacy of PsAF combined with heart failure (HF). Methods A total of 117 inpatients with PsAF admitted to Laiyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine from February 2023 to February 2025 were selected and divided into PsAF+HFpEF group (n=42), PsAF+HFrEF group (n=34), and PsAF group (n=41) according to the type of HF. The baseline data, serum uric acid (UA) levels and echocardiographic parameters [left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular end diastolic diameter (LVEDD), left ventricular end systolic diameter (LVESD), left atrium diameter (LAD), right ventricular diameter (RVD), left ventricular end diastolic volume (LVEDV), left ventricular end systolic volume (LVESV), stroke volume (SV) and pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP)] of three groups of patients were compared. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to identify the independent influencing factors of PsAF combined with HF, and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn to evaluate the predictive efficacy. Results The proportions of New York Heart Association (NYHA) cardiac function grade Ⅲ-Ⅳ and hyperuricemia, and heart rate, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), UA in patients of PsAF+HFpEF group and PsAF+HFrEF group were significantly higher than those in PsAF group (Plt;0.05). The serum creatinine level of patients in PsAF+HFrEF group was significantly higher than that in PsAF+HFpEF group and PsAF group (Plt;0.05). The levels of LVESD, LVEDD, LAD, RVD, PASP, LVEDV and LVESV in PsAF+HFrEF group were significantly higher than those in PsAF group (Plt;0.05). The LVESD, LVEDD, LAD, LVEDV and LVESV of patients in PsAF+HFpEF group were significantly lower than those in PsAF+HFrEF group (Plt;0.05), LAD and PASP were significantly higher than those in PsAF group (Plt;0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in LVEF among three groups of patients (Plt;0.05), in sequence: PsAF group gt; PsAF+HFpEF group gt; PsAF+HFrEF group. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that NT-proBNP, UA, and NYHA cardiac function grade Ⅲ-Ⅳ were all independent risk factors for PsAF complicated with HF, and LVEF was an independent protective factor (Plt;0.05). The area under the curve for combined prediction of PsAF combined with HF by NT-proBNP+UA+LVEF was 0.967. Conclusion NT-proBNP, UA and LVEF are all independent predictors of PsAF complicated with HF. The combination of three has highly efficient predictive value and provides an efficient tool for clinical risk stratification.
[Key words] Persistent atrial fibrillation; Uric acid; Echocardiography; Heart failure
持續性房顫(persistent atrial fibrillation,PsAF)與心力衰竭(heart failure,HF)共病顯著增加患者的不良預后風險。研究顯示新發房顫患者中超過1/3合并HF,而新發HF患者中房顫患病率超50%,PsAF患者心臟死亡與HF住院的復合結局發生率較陣發性房顫明顯升高[1-2]。射血分數保留的心力衰竭(heart failure with preserved ejection fraction,HFpEF)與射血分數降低的心力衰竭(heart failure with reduced ejection fraction,HFrEF)在病理機制及管理上存在差異。HFrEF以左室射血分數(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)降低為特征,HFpEF雖保留LVEF但存在舒張功能障礙,兩者在PsAF群體中的臨床軌跡差異可顯著影響預后[3-4]。血尿酸(uric acid,UA)可通過氧化應激及炎癥反應參與心肌重構[5]。超聲心動圖參數可作為心臟結構與功能評估的核心指標[6]。當前PsAF合并不同類型HF的臨床特征及生物標志物預測體系仍需完善,本研究探討N末端腦鈉肽前體(N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide,NT-proBNP)、UA和LVEF聯合預測PsAF并發HF的效能,為早期風險分層提供依據。
1" 資料與方法
1.1" 研究對象
選取2023年2月至2025年2月萊陽市中醫醫院收治的117例PsAF住院患者,年齡51~93歲,男67例,女50例。根據HF類型將其分為PsAF+HFpEF組(n=42)、PsAF+HFrEF組(n=34)和PsAF組(n=41)。納入標準:病程gt;7d且未經射頻消融治療的PsAF患者。排除標準:①結構性心臟病(如瓣膜置換術、擴張型心肌病、梗阻性心肌病、縮窄性心包炎)或嚴重腎功能損害;②急性冠脈綜合征或心肌梗死;③近1個月內使用降UA藥物;④合并嚴重內外科疾病或惡性腫瘤。本研究經萊陽市中醫醫院倫理委員會審核批準(倫理審批號:20250023)。
1.2" 一般資料
收集患者的臨床資料,包括年齡、性別、體質量指數(body mass index,BMI)、合并癥(高血壓、冠心病、糖尿病等)及實驗室指標。入院后次日清晨采集患者空腹靜脈血檢測UA、血肌酐、NT-proBNP。
1.3" 超聲心動圖
采用飛利浦IE33超聲診斷儀及S5-1心臟探頭,由超聲科資深醫師依據《中國成年人超聲心動圖檢查測量指南》[7]檢查并記錄以下參數:LVEF、左室舒張末期內徑(left ventricular end diastolic diameter,LVEDD)、左室收縮末期內徑(left ventricular end systolic diameter,LVESD)、左心房內徑(left atrium diameter,LAD)、右心室內徑(right ventricular diameter,RVD)、左室舒張末期容積(left ventricular end diastolic volume,LVEDV)、左室收縮末期容積(left ventricular end systolic volume,LVESV)、每搏輸出量(stroke volume,SV)及肺動脈收縮壓(pulmonary artery systolic pressure,PASP)。檢查過程中若房顫發作,取至少5個連續心動周期測量值的平均值以降低誤差[8]。
1.4" 統計學方法
采用SPSS 26.0軟件進行數據統計分析。計數資料以例數(百分率)[n(%)]表示,比較采用χ2檢驗;符合正態分布的計量資料以均數±標準差( )表示,比較采用單因素方差分析檢驗;不符合正態分布的計量資料以中位數(四分位數間距)[M(Q1,Q3)]表示,組間比較采用Kruskal-Wallis H檢驗。多因素Logistic回歸分析篩選獨立危險因素,繪制受試者操作特征曲線(receiver operating characteristic curve,ROC曲線),通過曲線下面積(area under the curve,AUC)評價預測效能。Plt;0.05為差異有統計學意義。
2" 結果
2.1" 三組患者的基線特征比較
三組患者的性別、高血壓、冠心病、糖尿病、
年齡、BMI比較差異均無統計學意義(Pgt;0.05)。PsAF+HFpEF組和PsAF+HFrEF組患者的紐約心臟病協會(New York Heart Association,NYHA)心功能分級Ⅲ~Ⅳ級和高尿酸血癥比例及心率、NT-proBNP、UA均顯著高于PsAF組(Plt;0.05)。PsAF+HFrEF組患者的血肌酐水平顯著高于PsAF+HFpEF組和PsAF組(Plt;0.05),見表1。
2.2" 三組患者的心臟結構與功能指標比較
PsAF+HFrEF組患者的LVESD、LVEDD、LAD、RVD、PASP、LVEDV、LVESV均顯著高于PsAF組(Plt;0.05);PsAF+HFpEF組患者的LVESD、LVEDD、LAD、LVEDV、LVESV均顯著低于PsAF+HFrEF組(Plt;0.05),LAD、PASP均顯著高于PsAF組(Plt;0.05)。三組患者的LVEF比較差異有統計學意義(Plt;0.05),依次為PsAF組gt;PsAF+HFpEF組gt;PsAF+HFrEF組,見表2。
2.3" 多因素Logistic回歸分析
將心率、NT-proBNP、UA、血清肌酐、高尿酸血癥、NYHA心功能分級Ⅲ~Ⅳ級和心臟超聲指標作為協變量,多因素Logistic回歸分析顯示NT-proBNP(OR=1.003,95%CI:1.001~1.004)、UA(OR=1.011,95%CI:1.001~1.022)、NYHA心功能分級Ⅲ~Ⅳ級(OR=62.383,95%CI:4.010~970.541)均是PsAF并發HF的獨立危險因素,LVEF(OR=0.832,95%CI:0.705~0.981)是獨立保護因素(Plt;0.05),見表3。
2.4" ROC曲線分析預測價值
NT-proBNP(AUC=0.919)、UA(AUC=0.735)、LVEF(AUC=0.822)預測PsAF并發HF的效能顯著(Plt;0.01),三者聯合的AUC為0.967,顯著優于單一指標的預測效能(Plt;0.05),見圖1。
3" 討論
房顫作為臨床最常見的慢性心律失常類型,不僅是心律失常相關住院的首要病因,更是HF發生發展的重要驅動因素,約半數房顫患者在病程中合并HF,這種共病狀態顯著增加患者的臨床風險[9]。房顫與HF不僅共享高血壓、糖尿病等傳統危險因素,更通過雙向病理機制形成惡性循環:一方面,房顫通過快速心室反應和節律紊亂導致心臟結構重塑及血流動力學異常,進而誘發或加重HF;另一方面,HF引發的神經內分泌激活和心房壓力升高又為房顫的發生提供病理基礎。這種復雜的交互作用在PsAF患者中尤為突出,其心臟死亡與HF住院的復合終點發生率顯著高于陣發性房顫群體[10]。中國高尿酸血癥患病率高達13.3%,涉及1.7億人群,成為繼高血壓、高血糖、高血脂之后的第四大代謝異常[11]。UA作為黃嘌呤氧化酶催化生成的嘌呤代謝終產物,可通過雙重途徑參與房顫合并HF的病理進程:其一通過激活尿酸轉運蛋白-1誘發氧化應激反應,導致心肌細胞凋亡和間質纖維化;其二通過損傷血管內皮功能,抑制乙酰膽堿介導的血管舒張,加劇肺動脈高壓[12]。Watanabe等[13]研究顯示房顫合并HF患者的血漿黃嘌呤氧化還原酶活性較竇性心律HF患者顯著升高,且PsAF與黃嘌呤氧化還原酶活性增強獨立相關,可加速心肌纖維化和心室重構進程。本研究確定UA是PsAF合并HF的獨立影響因素,驗證UA在PsAF-HF病理網絡中的重要地位。
超聲心動圖為PsAF合并HF的臨床分型提供重要依據[14]。本研究發現,PsAF+HFrEF組在LVESD、LVEDD等左室重構指標上較PsAF組顯著惡化,而PsAF+HFpEF組主要表現為LAD和PASP的選擇性增大。而PsAF+HFrEF組患者的LVESD、LAD及LVEDV等指標較PsAF+HFpEF組進一步惡化,提示HFrEF亞型的心臟重構更廣泛且嚴重。三組患者的LVEF呈現特征性梯度變化,這與Hamatani等[15]提出的左室收縮功能進行性受損理論相吻合。研究同時證實NT-proBNP與LVEF對HF發生具有顯著預測價值,左心房和左心室纖維化作為房顫與HF交互作用的關鍵介質,通過增加心肌僵硬度、損害舒張功能及加重心臟重構共同推動疾病進展[16-17]。
本研究證實UA在PsAF并發HF進展中的預警價值,同時構建的NT-proBNP+UA+LVEF聯合預測模型顯著優于單一指標。We?nicki等[18]發現高UA水平(≥401.4μmol/L)與HFrEF獨立相關,且預測HFrEF發生的AUC為0.607。紀禹同等[19]證實UA≥420μmol/L與HFpEF獨立相關,提示UA是高齡房顫患者發生HEpEF的標志物。
綜上,NT-proBNP、UA和LVEF均是PsAF并發HF的獨立預測因子,聯合預測效能顯著優于單一指標,為臨床早期識別高?;颊咛峁└咝嵱霉ぞ?。
利益沖突:所有作者均聲明不存在利益沖突。
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(收稿日期:2025–04–30)
(修回日期:2025–07–16)