摘 要:本文結合一些具體的句子,闡述了英語中形式肯定而意義否定和形式否定而意義肯定的表達方式和漢語翻譯時應注意的方法和技巧。
關鍵詞:形式肯定 意義否定 形式否定 意義肯定 翻譯
英語和漢語一樣有肯定句和否定句之分,但由于修辭和短語或習語表達法的需要,有的形式上肯定的句子,即句子中沒有not,no,never之類的詞,也沒有un-,non-,dis-之類的否定前綴,但意義上是否定的。例如:“The news is too good to be true.”(消息太好了,難以置信。)“She is behind the rest of her class in algebra.” (她的數學比班上其他人都差。) 相反,有的形式上是否定的句子,意義上卻是肯定的。例如:“A student can’t read too many books.”( 學生讀再多的書也不過分。) “We are never too old to learn..”(我們要活到老學到老。)在翻譯時,這類句子往往被稱為是“英語否定之陷阱”,需加以注意。因為有許多英語肯定句需譯成漢語否定句,而有的英語否定句又要譯成漢語肯定句。現舉出一些常見而典型的例子加以說明。
一、形式肯定,意義否定的句子常見的有如下幾種:
1. Too...to... 太...而不能...的結構。
The text is too difficult to understand. 課文太難,無法理解。
He is too young to understand his father. 他太年輕,不能理解他的父親。
2. 某些詞或詞組作be的表語時,構成肯定形式,否定意義。這些詞或詞組有rare,blind to,far from,ignorant of,short of等。
It is rare for him to act like that. 他很少那樣做。
She is blind to the results of her behavior. 她看不到她的行為會有什么后果。
He was ignorant of what had happened. 他對發生的事情一無所知。
He is far from understanding it . 他根本不理解這個問題。
We are short of hand. 我們人手不夠。
3. 句中含有某些否定意義的詞,如:little,few,hardly,scarcely,rarely,seldom等。
There is little water in the bottle. 瓶子里沒什么水了。
There are few people in the street at this hour. 這個時間街上沒什么人。
I could hardly believe him. 我不怎么相信他。
He scarcely comes to see me now. 他現在不怎么來看我了。
We rarely eat fish. 我們不怎么吃魚。
He seldom,if ever,falls ill. 他幾乎從不生病。
4. No more…than…結構中,than后面的從句形式上是肯定的,但意義上否定的。
He is no more a millionaire than we are. 他和我們一樣不是百萬富翁。
I could no more do that than you. 你不能做這件事,我也不能做。
5. 含有prefer…to…,would rather (sooner)…than (寧愿……不愿……)的句子。
I prefer tea to coffee. 我寧愿喝茶也不喝咖啡。
She would rather die than surrender. 他寧死也不投降。
6. 含有某些介詞的句子,如:behind(超過),beneath(不值得),from(不在),but+不定代詞。
The work is beyond me. 我不能勝任這項工作。
His suggestion is beneath notice,他的提議不值得注意。
He is always from home. 他老是不在家。
He is anything but honest. 他根本不是一個誠實的人。
I will answer any question but that one. 我決不回答這個問題。
7. 在特定語境中,下列句子表示否定意義。
Who knows? (=No one knows) 誰都不知道。
Am I a fool? (=I’m not a fool.) 我才不是個傻瓜呢!
What’s the use of sending him to school? (=It’s no use sending him to school.) 送他上學是沒有用的。
8. “When+現在完成時”構成的修辭問句,不需要回答,表示強烈的否定。
When have I played a trick on you? (= I have never played a trick on you.) 我什么時候愚弄過你?(即:我從來沒有愚弄過你。)
When have I let you down? (= I have never let you down.)我什么時候讓你失望過?(即:我從來沒有讓你失望過。)
9. 以 before引導的時間狀語從句表示“來不及…就…,在沒有…之前”。
His train had left before I could say good-bye to him. 我還來不及跟他說再見,他坐火車就離開了。
The accident had happened before he realized it. 他還沒意識到,事故就發生了。
二、形式否定,意義肯定的句子隨處可見,常見的有如下幾種:
1. 疑問結構的否定形式常常用作感嘆句,其意義是肯定的。
Isn’t it a lovely dog? 多可愛的小狗啊!
Hasn’t she grown! (=She has grown a lot.) 她長這么大了!
Wasn’t it a great match! 這場比賽太精彩了!
2. 在含有cannot的一些句子里,如:cannot help…(情不自禁地……),cannot …too…(總不嫌過分,越……越好),cannot thank…enough(感激不盡),cannot…but + 動詞不定式 (只好,不得不)
When we listen to the quips,we couldn’t help laughing.聽相聲時,我們情不自禁地笑了起來。
You can’t praise her too highly. 你怎么贊揚她都不過分。
I can’t thank you enough.. 對你我真感激不盡。
I can’t but agree with you. 我只好同意你的意見了。
3.含有nothing (no,nobody…)…but…,nothing except,nothing beyond,nothing besides表示:“只(不過)”,“不外乎”的句子。
Nobody but Mr. Liu can do it. 只有劉先生能做此事。
He did nothing except (or:beyond) making a telephone call.他只是打了個電話。
I want to drink nothing besides water. 我只想喝水。
4.none the less 仍然、還是
She is none the less charming for her age. 她年紀雖大,卻風韻猶存。
Although he met with some difficulties,he was none the less sure of his success. 盡管他遇到一些困難,但他對自己的成功仍然充滿信心。
5.not(nothing)+比較級
Nothing is more proper. 這太合適了。
It can’t be worse. 這真糟透了。
6.某些由no,nothing 等構成的句子
His speech leaves no room to be desired.他的演講天衣無縫。
What he did was nothing short of my expectation. 他所做的正是我所預料的。
7.no other…than(正是),no less …than (和…一樣,不少于…)
I’m looking for no other than this book. 我找的正是這本書。
She is no less active than she used to be.她和從前一樣活躍。
8.nothing if not 很、極其
The situation is nothing if not fine. 形勢極好。
She is nothing if not clever. 她極其聰明伶俐。
9.某些帶not 的原級或比較級
As soon as not = more willingly更情愿,再樂于不過:
He would do it as soon as not. 他會樂于做這項工作的。
As often as not = very frequently經常,常常:
On weekends she goes shopping as often as not. 周末她常上街買東西。
More often than not = very frequently 往往,常常:
More often than not,I get up at six. 我常常六點起床。
As likely as not = most likely,very likely很可能:
Now they will be at work as likely as not. 現在他們很可能在工作。
10.表示雙重否定的句子:否定結構 + 含否定意義的前(后)綴,without(but
for)…,could not do,to be never too + adj. + 動詞不定式。
You shouldn’t be careless of consequences. 你應該考慮后果。
We are never too old to learn. 我們活到老學到老。
Without (but for) air and water,we could not live. 我們的生存需要空氣和水。
參考文獻:
[1]Michael Swan.Practical English Usage.外語教學與研究出版社,1986.
[2]張培基,李宗杰等.英漢翻譯教程.上海外語教學出版社,1990.
[3]張道真.英語介詞用法例解.外語教學與研究出版社,1987.
[4]英語學習.外語教學與研究出版社,1990-1994.
[5]薄冰,何政安.薄冰英語語法.開明出版社,2005.