四、六級寫作如何才能得體

摘 要:四、六級英語作文多數是說明文或議論文，應該采用較正式的語體的詞語和結構。教師在教學中應做些適當的文體分析，增強學生的文體意識，讓學生熟記一些書面表達中常見的句型，擴大詞匯量，寫出得體的作文。

關鍵詞:四、六級寫作 非正式文體 普通文體 正式文體 文體分析教學

四、六級英語作文（composition， essay or article）是書面性的，作文多數是說明文或議論文，因此用比較正式的語體才貼切，正如一個人穿一件得體的衣服去參加正式集會一樣。

語言學者一般將語言的正式程度（levels of formality）分為三種語體：非正式的（informal）、普通的（一般的）(general or normal)、正式的(formal)。同樣的意思可以用三種文體表達。例如：

General: One of the pleasantest things in the world is a trip in the country. I can enjoy friends indoors; but on the open road， nature is all the friend I need. When I am alone like that， I do not feel alone at all.

Formal: Although few of the world’s pleasures exceed that of a journey through the countryside， the real secret of that pleasure is to go by oneself. Companionship can be enjoyed indoors; whereas to a traveler on the open road， nature is a sufficient friend. One is then never less alone than when alone.

Informal: Say! I think there’s nothing in the world so neat as a spin in the country side. And I like to go by myself! Of course I like people， but you can enjoy them indoors. When you’re on the open road， nature’s all you need. You’re not lonely a bit when you’re all by yourself out in the fresh air.

同樣，“生意興隆通四海，財源茂盛達三江”可以簡單地表達為“Far and wide trade booms；here and there money comes”，但在正式場合最好表達為“Home and abroad business thrives；hither and thither profit arrives”更好，因為這樣用詞較為莊重和古雅(hither and thither是here and there在古英語中的說法)。

再看學生的作文實例：

Because I think learning English is very important， especially to me. Well if you ask me why， I’ll tell you there are lots of reasons. Let’s look at something in job market. And if you can’t speak English， you can’t get a good job. Don’t you believe? Then another is communicate with foreigners. You know， if you can’t speak English， how can you make your idea understood by them? Anyway， spoken English is getting more and more important. So a test of spoken English is necessary.

很多學生的文章中充塞著I think/believe，I’m sure，I see， I mean， more and more，lots of，kind of，let’s ...等口語化的表達，很多句子都以口語化的詞because，anyway，well，you know，so，and，then開頭。很多學生喜歡用感嘆句，疑問句尤其是反問句，縮略語和第二人稱代詞這些口語化的形式。

再看下面的例子，就可以知道：被動句和第三人稱比用第二人稱顯得正式。

Formal: First the seed is scattered evenly over the ground; then the soil is raked lightly and firmed with a roller.

Informal: First you scatter the seed; then you rake it in and firm the soil with a roller. Or: First scatter the seed; then rake it in and firm the soil with a roller.

Formal: When a soldier salutes， he must stand up straight and bring his right hand up smartly to the visor of his cap.

Informal: When saluting， you must stand up straight and bring your right hand up smartly to the visor of your cap.

造成這種問題的原因很多，主要的原因是我們的學生讀的課文和材料大多充塞著非正式的詞匯，學生難以見到正式文體的詞語和結構，學生缺乏文體意識。教師在教學中如果能夠做些適度的文體分析，學生熟記一些書面表達中常見的句型，擴大詞匯量，那么這個問題便能得到較好的解決。