“據(jù)”類介詞語(yǔ)法及翻譯

摘 要：“據(jù)”類介詞在實(shí)際語(yǔ)言的交際中，雖不是一個(gè)很常用的格式，但在書(shū)面語(yǔ)言（說(shuō)明文、文學(xué)作品、法律文書(shū)和商貿(mào)文件）中卻是常用的格式。因此準(zhǔn)確地將漢語(yǔ)中的“據(jù)”類結(jié)構(gòu)翻譯成英文，正確理解“據(jù)”結(jié)構(gòu)中表主觀、客觀的意義就顯得尤為重要。本文就“據(jù)”類介詞結(jié)構(gòu)語(yǔ)法意義及其英文常見(jiàn)的翻譯做了簡(jiǎn)單的分析和歸納。

關(guān)鍵詞：“據(jù)” 介詞結(jié)構(gòu) 主觀 客觀

一、引言

本文所檢索的語(yǔ)料共計(jì)2876萬(wàn)字。語(yǔ)料文體有：說(shuō)明文（社科、科技文）、文學(xué)作品（小說(shuō)、散文、紀(jì)實(shí)）、法律文書(shū)等。所檢索的介詞有“按、按照、依、依照、依據(jù)、據(jù)、根據(jù)、照、在、就、正如”等。這些詞除了可以充當(dāng)介詞外，也兼任其他詞類，對(duì)此本文不予討論。

由這些引出依據(jù)的介詞所構(gòu)成的語(yǔ)料在實(shí)際語(yǔ)言的交際中，約占語(yǔ)料總數(shù)的2.6%，屬于一個(gè)不常用的格式，但在漢英翻譯中，尤其是在政治，文學(xué)作品和法律文書(shū)中卻又是必不可缺的格式。因此有必要正確理解“據(jù)”類結(jié)構(gòu)中表主觀、客觀依據(jù)的意義及習(xí)慣表達(dá)法。下面試對(duì)“據(jù)”類結(jié)構(gòu)中的用法及常見(jiàn)的譯法作點(diǎn)粗淺的分析。

二、“據(jù)”類語(yǔ)法義翻譯

“據(jù)”類介詞通常用在名詞、代詞或詞組前，表示動(dòng)作所憑借、依據(jù)的對(duì)象（現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)孫汝建）?！案鶕?jù)”以某種事物或動(dòng)作為前提或基礎(chǔ)，引出前提或基礎(chǔ)（現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)實(shí)用語(yǔ)法李裕德）。常見(jiàn)的“據(jù)”類結(jié)構(gòu)：按、按照、依、依照、根據(jù)、照、在、就、正如等?！案鶕?jù)、按、按照”等表方式、方法、依據(jù)的靜態(tài)介詞，不能夠充當(dāng)主謂賓（實(shí)用現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ) 袁彩云）。這些詞后面的內(nèi)容既可以概括側(cè)重在介紹主觀看法和介紹客觀事實(shí)兩個(gè)不同的方面。其中以介紹客觀事實(shí)的例句居多，而接名詞、人稱代詞的事例表主觀看法的很少，僅占所查資料的0.08%。

1.在正式文體里“據(jù)”常見(jiàn)表客觀事實(shí)的譯法有：according to， in accordance with， on the company，in conformity with，on the grounds of，as regards to， in the light of ，in line with，quoted as， as，as follows， on the ground of， by結(jié)構(gòu)等?！皳?jù)”若譯為accordingto，后面接人、書(shū)、報(bào)等，表示消息的來(lái)源或出處。其用法在正式語(yǔ)體中使用頻率最高。且according to 作“根據(jù)某人意見(jiàn)，根據(jù)...報(bào)告”解時(shí)，此時(shí)不能與in line with或in accordance with等通用。

（1）根據(jù)會(huì)議部署，中央和全國(guó)各地今后將繼續(xù)加大對(duì)西藏的支持力度，進(jìn)一步為加強(qiáng)西藏的發(fā)展創(chuàng)造更加有利的條件。

According to the plan adopted at the conference， the Central Government and all localities throughout the country will intensify their support to Tibet and help create even more favorable conditions for its development.

(From speech by Hu Jintao at the Rally in celebration of the 50th Anniversary of the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet)

*“據(jù)”類后接動(dòng)詞表客觀事實(shí)，也常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表達(dá)法It is/was + v-ed that形式，如：。

（2）據(jù)報(bào)告，敵人當(dāng)時(shí)離那里只有十里。

It is reported that the enemy were ten li away.

類似的還有“據(jù)聞（悉）……”It is learned that...；據(jù)推測(cè)……It is supposed that...；據(jù)估計(jì)（預(yù)計(jì)）It is estimated （predicated，calculated） that...等等。

*在文學(xué)作品中，“按”類常見(jiàn)的譯法：on the company，in the light of，on the basis of，by，due to等。

（3）他按照連長(zhǎng)石東根的吩咐，要把寫(xiě)好的戰(zhàn)斗總結(jié)，一份一份親自送到營(yíng)部、團(tuán)部、師部一直到軍部……

On the company commander Shi Donggen’s instructions he was taking copies of the final version of the battle summary to each headquarters in turn——to battalion to regiment， to division， right up to Army headquarters...

(From Red Sun by Wu Qiang)

（4）中國(guó)的事情要按照中國(guó)的情況來(lái)辦，要依靠中國(guó)人自己的力量來(lái)辦。

China’s affairs should be run in the light of China’s specific conditions and by the Chinese people themselves.

(Excerpts From the Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping)

（5）瑣事就按瑣事處理，要事按要事處理，這是偉人的標(biāo)志。

It is the mark of great people to treat trifles as trifles and important matters as important .

(6) 列車按計(jì)劃將于六點(diǎn)鐘開(kāi)出。

The train is due to leave at six.

（7）在這樣一個(gè)問(wèn)題上，按照世俗哲學(xué)家的暗示行事，那是有罪的。

It would be sinful ，in such a question，to follow the clew of profane philosophy .

(From The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne )

*在表示“根據(jù)/依照合同、規(guī)定、貿(mào)易規(guī)定”等時(shí)，according to 較口語(yǔ)化，in line with和in accordance with為書(shū)面語(yǔ)并且最為正式，所以一般不用according to。如：

（8）兩國(guó)根據(jù)和平共處的原則，同意建立外交關(guān)系。

The two countries agree to establish diplomatic relationship in accordance with the principle of peaceful co-existence .

（9）雙方一致認(rèn)為，按照《中華人民共和國(guó)中外合資經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)法》和平等互利原則，建立一座現(xiàn)代化大型電子工廠是可行的。

Both parties unanimously hold that in accordance with the law of the People’s Republic of China on Joint Ventures Using Chinese and Foreign Investment ，and in conformity with the principle of equality ，mutual benefit and cooperation ，it may be feasible to build a large ，modernized electronic factory.

（10）合作企業(yè)應(yīng)當(dāng)按照國(guó)家有關(guān)規(guī)定聘任中國(guó)注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師進(jìn)行查帳驗(yàn)證。

The joint ventures shall，in line with related provisions of Chinese laws，commission accountants registered in China to audit and check their financial accounts.

2.在法律語(yǔ)言中，“根據(jù)/依據(jù)”常見(jiàn)的表達(dá)法如下（按其使用頻率的程度大小排列）如下：

1)The following interim procedures...are formulated according to the...

2) These rules are formulated pursuant to the Interim Regulation of the People’s Republic of China...

3) ...these measures are formulated based on...

4)Pursuant to the constitution ，this law is enacted for the purpose of...

例如：

（11）遵照一九五九年九月十七日中華人民共和國(guó)主席特赦令，本院對(duì)在押的偽滿洲國(guó)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)罪犯愛(ài)新覺(jué)羅·溥儀進(jìn)行了審查。

In accordance with the Special Pardon Order issued by the Chairman of the People’s Republic of China on September 17th，1959，this court has investigated the case of the“Manchukuo” war criminal Aisin-Gioro PuYi.

3.“據(jù)”表主觀看法的翻譯與其客觀事實(shí)的譯法基本相似：有according to， in accordance with ，on the company，等

（12）據(jù)我觀察，她待人熱情，有合作的精神，活潑開(kāi)朗。

According to my observation ，she is enthusiastic ，cooperative and cheerful.

4.商貿(mào)中“據(jù)”類的翻譯有：according to， as per， as，for，on，in according to/with，quote，comply with等。

（13）根據(jù)我們的日常習(xí)慣，我們寧愿將出口貨物交中國(guó)人民保險(xiǎn)公司保險(xiǎn)。

According to our usual practice we prefer our export shipment to be insured by the People’s Insurance Company of China.

(14) 根據(jù)你方要求，我們按發(fā)票金額的110%支付保險(xiǎn)。

On your instructions ，we have covered the insurance for 110% of the invoice value .

（15）按中國(guó)的這一比例

Based on China’s percentage / Calculated according to China’s percentage

5.“據(jù)”類結(jié)構(gòu)在有些譯文中為使譯文更言簡(jiǎn)意賅，更恰如其分，出現(xiàn)了省略現(xiàn)象。如下面幾例：

（16）在群眾看來(lái)有前途的年輕人談?dòng)H事的時(shí)候，還不得不顧及點(diǎn)。

It was better for promising young people in love to be a bit careful.

(From Builder’s of New Life by Liu Qing)

三、“據(jù)”類引申語(yǔ)義的翻譯

“據(jù)”引申結(jié)構(gòu)主要指介賓短語(yǔ)后直接出現(xiàn)動(dòng)詞的情況，即“據(jù)”后面接人名、人稱代詞等名詞，再接表動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞或心理的動(dòng)詞如“說(shuō)、講、看、了解、估計(jì)、預(yù)測(cè)”等詞的模式。這些結(jié)構(gòu)多是表示主觀看法，所索引的事例406句，表主觀看法的事例362句，占總語(yǔ)料庫(kù)的89.2%?！皳?jù)”引申結(jié)構(gòu)有：據(jù)……看/說(shuō)、依……看/說(shuō)、在……看來(lái)、就……而言、正如……說(shuō)、就……看來(lái)，對(duì)……而言等，當(dāng)然，“據(jù)”類還包括“基于、鑒于”等。常見(jiàn)的譯法有according to；based on；in sb.’s opinion；as far as sb/sth is concerned；for；on；concerning；quoted as；to等。

1.表客觀事實(shí)的翻譯常用according to， based on， as for，as regard to， to等

(17) 梅生死后不久，我收到一個(gè)遠(yuǎn)房親戚的信，按輩分來(lái)說(shuō)，這人我們?cè)摻兴梅颉?/p>

Not long after Meisheng’s death，I received a letter from a distant relative whom， according to family custom we addressed as “uncle”.

(From My Family by Tao Cheng)

(18)就吃喝而言，“全球化的問(wèn)題”只有一個(gè)，就是吃飽了撐的。

As regards to eating and drinking， there is no such issue of “globalization”.If there is， it must be found out of nothing.

(A Psychoanalys s of Fast Foods by Shen Hongfei)

2.表主觀看法的“據(jù)”類引申結(jié)構(gòu)翻譯。

（19）就我所見(jiàn)，目前國(guó)內(nèi)的中小學(xué)生，為了升學(xué)考試，學(xué)業(yè)負(fù)擔(dān)普遍偏重，而一旦進(jìn)入大學(xué)之后，便不同程度地出現(xiàn)松散現(xiàn)象。

As far as I know，students in the primary and middle schools are generally loaded with too much schoolwork for the entrance examinations， but they will relax quite a lot in their efforts as soon as they come into the University.

(From Is Your Teacher Strict by Zhang Yixing)

（20）依我看/依我之見(jiàn)，下崗是經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)發(fā)展的必然結(jié)果，發(fā)展需要有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力、專業(yè)性的人才。

In my opinion， off-position is the natural result of economical and technological development， which requires people to be competitive and professional.

*在口語(yǔ)中，作評(píng)論時(shí)“依我看”可譯作I must say.

(21) 依我看，那可太愚蠢了。

Well ，that’s daft， I must say.

四、結(jié)語(yǔ)

“據(jù)”類結(jié)構(gòu)在中文領(lǐng)域里有其重要性，在跨文化交際中很值得研究與探索。本文中，筆者廣泛收集相關(guān)資料并對(duì)此類結(jié)構(gòu)做了簡(jiǎn)要的介紹與概括。其中“據(jù)”類翻譯以according to，in light of， on the basis of， in line with， as分句，in one’s opinion，in conformity with，on，等形式居多。借此文給大家一個(gè)參考，以便使大家對(duì)“據(jù)”類翻譯有個(gè)更深刻的了解，從而不需過(guò)分拘于形式，根據(jù)具體情況對(duì)此結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行變通，使中國(guó)的漢字文化更體現(xiàn)出其文化底蘊(yùn)。

參考文獻(xiàn)：

[1]李裕德.現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)實(shí)用語(yǔ)法.教育科學(xué)出版社，1995.

[2]雨果.翻譯研究.中國(guó)對(duì)外翻譯出版社，2001.

[3]程同春.新編國(guó)際商務(wù)英語(yǔ)函電.南京：東南大學(xué)出版社，2001.

[4]張登岐.現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ).北京：高等教育出版社，2005.4.

[5]孫汝建.現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ).南京大學(xué)出版社，2003.

[6]李長(zhǎng)栓.非文學(xué)翻譯理論與實(shí)踐.北京：中國(guó)對(duì)外翻譯出版社，2004.12.

[7]呂瑞昌等.漢英翻譯教程.陜西人民出版社，2005.10.

[8]李曉琪等.漢語(yǔ)常用詞用法詞典.北大出版社，1997.

[9]馬秉義.漢譯英基礎(chǔ)教程.北京：中國(guó)對(duì)外翻譯出版公司，2005.8.

[10]方夢(mèng)之，毛思明.英漢——漢英應(yīng)用翻譯教程.上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社，2005.