英語(yǔ)名詞動(dòng)化的修辭及其翻譯

名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞使用是現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中常見(jiàn)的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象，據(jù)英國(guó)語(yǔ)言學(xué)家利奇1980年在英國(guó)開(kāi)斯特大學(xué)所作演講的統(tǒng)計(jì)材料，二戰(zhàn)以來(lái)英語(yǔ)中出現(xiàn)的新詞中，有10.5%是通過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)類法完成的#65377;這種轉(zhuǎn)化不僅是現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)一種重要的構(gòu)詞手段，而且有著簡(jiǎn)潔生動(dòng)#65380;清新活潑的修辭功能#65377;其特點(diǎn)是:人們把名詞不加任何形態(tài)變化，當(dāng)作動(dòng)詞用，使之獲得動(dòng)詞的句法特征，并衍生出相應(yīng)的動(dòng)作意義#65377;本文將探討英語(yǔ)名詞動(dòng)化的修辭功能及其漢譯#65377;

一#65380;名詞動(dòng)化的修辭效果

名詞動(dòng)化可使語(yǔ)言表達(dá)更加豐富多彩，避免行文冗長(zhǎng)拖沓，勾起讀者的聯(lián)想，傳遞說(shuō)話者的某種情感態(tài)度，修辭效果明顯#65377;

1.描景狀物，惟妙惟肖;刻畫人物，活靈活現(xiàn)#65377;形象準(zhǔn)確，感情色彩濃烈

The idiot clucked and parroted to herself.

那白癡對(duì)她自己咯咯地叫喚和說(shuō)個(gè)沒(méi)完#65377;

如果不用parrot，而平鋪直敘地代之以“to repeat in a mechanical way”，便不能勾起讀者的聯(lián)想，語(yǔ)言的生動(dòng)性從而喪失殆盡，說(shuō)話者的感情色彩也無(wú)法準(zhǔn)確地表現(xiàn)出來(lái)#65377;

As the years passed，other occasions birthday，recitals awards graduations were marked with Dad＇s flowers.My emotions continued to seesaw pleasure and embarrassment.

隨著歲月的推移，其他的場(chǎng)合——我的生日，公開(kāi)演出，頒獎(jiǎng)儀式，畢業(yè)典禮都有父親的鮮花相伴，我的情感繼續(xù)在欣喜與窘迫中交替著#65377;

作者借seesaw(蹺蹺板)一上一下的特點(diǎn)，來(lái)描寫人物的復(fù)雜心情，恰到好處#65377;

2.簡(jiǎn)潔精練，形象生動(dòng)，便于理解;幽默夸張，清新活潑，給人深刻印象

Co-operatives profit farmers more.(China Daily，April 9，1998)(合作經(jīng)營(yíng)更有益于農(nóng)民#65377;)

‘profit’通常作為名詞使用，但上例中卻是作為動(dòng)詞使用的#65377;如果將‘profit’作為名詞使用，該標(biāo)題就可能成為‘Co-operatives bring more profits to farmers’，句式反而顯得臃腫#65380;拗口#65377;

She soft-shoed down the stairs.

soft-shoe原義“軟軟的鞋子”，這里作動(dòng)詞用，使人聯(lián)想起她輕輕下樓梯的情景#65377;

二#65380;名詞動(dòng)化的漢譯

漢語(yǔ)中類似的名詞一般不能直接轉(zhuǎn)類為動(dòng)詞#65377;因此，我們應(yīng)該特別注意英語(yǔ)中這種語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象的漢譯#65377;

1.譯成漢語(yǔ)的“介詞短語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)”形式

(1)譯成漢語(yǔ)的“把字句”或“將”字句

We shipped a lot of crap out of Detroit in our day. 當(dāng)時(shí)我們就曾從底特律把大量劣貨裝運(yùn)出去#65377;

He grinned as he pocketed the coin.

當(dāng)他把錢幣裝入口袋時(shí)，露齒而笑#65377;

He garages his car near the railroad station.

他將汽車放在靠近火車站的一個(gè)停車房里#65377;

(2)譯成“在……，乘……，對(duì)……向……+動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)”

If he had tried harder， he could have topped his class.

假如他以前用功些，他會(huì)在班里名列前茅的#65377;

Kissinger got them(the plans)and helicoptered to Camp David.

基辛格把計(jì)劃搞到手，就乘直升機(jī)去戴維營(yíng)#65377;

We boated down the Thames.

我們乘船順泰晤士河而下#65377;

The vice president was egged and tomatoed by angry people while he was making a speech.

副總統(tǒng)發(fā)表演講時(shí)，憤怒的人們紛紛向他投擲雞蛋和西紅柿#65377;

(3)譯成“象……，宛如……+動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)”

The Great wall＂snakes，loops，doubles back on itself，meandering across plains and valleys，scaling mountains，plunging deep gorges and leaping raging rivers，for 3700 miles.＂

長(zhǎng)城“猶如一條巨龍，迂回#65380;曲折#65380;蜿蜒于溪谷平原，時(shí)而在群山中盤旋，時(shí)而在深谷中攀援，時(shí)而像跳躍咆哮的河川，行程里數(shù)約一萬(wàn)#65377;”

From time to time，his two-year-old son parrots some words from TV.

他兩歲的兒子時(shí)不時(shí)鸚鵡學(xué)舌般地重復(fù)電視里的話#65377;

A number of travel agencies has mushroomed in the last few years.

近幾年許多旅行社猶如雨后春筍般地冒了出來(lái)#65377;

2.譯成漢語(yǔ)的連動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)

(1)譯成“用……+動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)”，原名詞所表示的事物用作工具

The beach life-guards usually flag one another for communication.

海濱救生員通常用旗號(hào)傳達(dá)訊息#65377;

Thumb through any dictionary，and you will see pages of words followed by definitions.

用拇指翻遍任何一本詞典，你會(huì)看到整頁(yè)的詞后面均有定義#65377;

The planes machine-gunned the hill tops and went away.

飛機(jī)用機(jī)槍掃射了山頂便飛走了#65377;

They kodaked quite often on their beautiful campus.

他們常用小型相機(jī)在美麗的校園里拍照#65377;

(2)譯成其他形式的連動(dòng)句

The kids tailed after the mobile cultural troupe for quite a distance.

孩子們尾隨著巡回演出隊(duì)走了好遠(yuǎn)#65377;

When my car broke down，I flagged a police car.

當(dāng)我的汽車拋錨的時(shí)候，我打了個(gè)手勢(shì)招來(lái)一輛警車#65377;

We telegraphed her the bad news.

我們打電報(bào)給她，告訴她這個(gè)壞消息#65377;

3.譯成漢語(yǔ)的兼語(yǔ)句，多譯為“使字句”

His impolite words angered his girlfriend.

他粗魯?shù)脑捳Z(yǔ)使他的女朋友非常生氣#65377;

His selfishness has clouded his judgment.

自私已使他喪失了清醒的判斷力#65377;

The news really floored me;I hadn＇t been expecting it at all.

這個(gè)消息真使我不知所措，完全出乎我的意料#65377;

Your disapproval pains me more than I can say.

你不贊同使我的痛苦難以言壯#65377;

4.譯為其他動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)

(1)譯為引申的動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞

Jane craned her neck to look for her husband in the crowd.

珍妮伸長(zhǎng)脖子在人群里尋找她的丈夫#65377;

After that， a lot of Latin American literature merely aped European models.

從那時(shí)起，拉丁美洲的文學(xué)不過(guò)是照搬歐洲模式#65377;

His speech was full of generalizations，and ducked all the real issues.

他的講話全是泛泛而談，回避了所有實(shí)質(zhì)性的問(wèn)題#65377;

The little tank nosed a little farther around the corner.

那輛小坦克車在街隅轉(zhuǎn)角處又朝前推進(jìn)了一步#65377;

The parents are trying to bridge the generation gap with their children.

父母都在設(shè)法彌合與兒女的代溝#65377;

The newspapers heanlined his long record of accomplishments.

各家報(bào)紙以頭條新聞報(bào)導(dǎo)了他所取得的豐碩成果#65377;

(2)添加副詞，譯為“副詞 + 動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)”形式

Madame Loisel breezed into the ball room in her new dress.

盧瓦澤爾太太身著新禮服信步走入舞廳#65377;

He politely edged the visitor to the door.

他有禮貌地把來(lái)訪者慢慢打發(fā)到門口#65377;

三#65380;結(jié)語(yǔ)

名詞轉(zhuǎn)化成動(dòng)詞是英語(yǔ)中最常見(jiàn)的詞類轉(zhuǎn)化現(xiàn)象#65377;相比之下，現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)中只有少量名詞可轉(zhuǎn)類用作動(dòng)詞，漢英語(yǔ)言表達(dá)方式的這種差異，常常讓中國(guó)學(xué)生感到困惑#65377;探討英語(yǔ)中這種常見(jiàn)的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象，將有助于幫助學(xué)生了解和熟練掌握現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)的用法，提高他們的實(shí)際運(yùn)用能力#65377;

參考文獻(xiàn)

[1] 董全平.怎樣擴(kuò)大你的英語(yǔ)詞匯.西安:陜西人民出版社，1984.

[2] 馮樹鑒.英漢翻譯疑難四十六講.杭州:浙江教育出版社，1988.

[3] 郝雁南.英語(yǔ)名詞轉(zhuǎn)化成動(dòng)詞妙用芻議.外國(guó)語(yǔ)文，1988(4).

[4] 華泉坤.從“Bus Trays To Dishroom”看現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)象.外國(guó)語(yǔ)，1984(1).

[5] [英]倫道夫#8226;夸克等.英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全.上海:華東師范大學(xué)出版社，1989.

[6] 張定興.英語(yǔ)名詞動(dòng)詞化新探.安徽大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(哲社版)，1995(6).

(責(zé)任編輯陳國(guó)慶)