蔡宏華 王新光 鄔哲慧 繆海雄 鄭劍平
【摘要】 目的 探討經椎弓根椎體植骨后路三柱植骨在胸腰段骨折治療中的臨床應用。方法 自2004年10月至2007年8月本院收治的胸腰段骨折患者53例,其中男34例,女19例;年齡26~46歲,平均36歲;T118例,T1219例,L126例。骨折類型:壓縮型11例,爆裂型42例。神經功能按ASIA分級:A級5例,B級7例,C級15例,D級7例,E級19例。本組病例全部經后路手術,行或不行椎板減壓,病椎經椎弓根前中柱植骨,雙側橫突植骨,未經椎板減壓患者加用椎板植骨。術前、術后及隨訪時攝X線檢查,測量觀察椎體高度有無丟失,內固定有無斷裂、松動情況發生。結果 53例患者均達理想復位,術后隨訪8~48個月,平均25個月,53例患者骨折均骨性愈合,未發現畸形矯正度的喪失,無斷釘或斷棒現象,術后三柱融合佳,近期觀察未見病椎角度丟失。除3例A級患者神經功能無恢復外,其余患者均有Ⅰ級以上的恢復。結論 經后路短節段椎弓根內固定治療胸腰椎骨折對恢復神經功能病椎高度和生理曲度效果佳,經椎弓根椎體前中柱植骨對恢復脊柱三柱穩定性、降低術后病椎高度丟失效果良好。
【關鍵詞】胸腰椎骨折; 椎弓根; 植骨
The short-term effect of thoracolumbar fracture treated with transpedicular intracorporeal grafting and pedicle screw internal fixation
CAI Hong-hua,WANG Xin-guang,WU Zhe-hui,et al.Centre Peoples Hospital in Huizhou City,Guangdong 516001,China
【Abstract】 Objective To evaluate the clinical application of transpedicular intracorporeal grafting in the treatment ofthoracolumbar fracture.Methods 53 patients with thoracolumbar fracture from Oct 2004 to Aug 2007,34 cases were male and 19 cases were female; the age ranged from 26 to 46 years old,average 36 years old; including 8 cases of T11 fracture,19 cases of T12 fracture and 26 cases of L1 fracture,11 cases were compressive fracture and 42 cases were burst fracture;5 cases were grade A,7 cases were grade B,15 cases were grade C,7 cases were grade D and19 cases were grade E according to the ASIA neurological impair scale,all the cases were treated with pedicle screw internal fixation with posterior approach,laminectomy were performed in some cases according the personal circumstances,the transpedicular bone grafting were palced in the anterior and medial column of the injured vertebrae combined with transverse process bone grafting,vertebral plate bone grafting were used in the non-laminectomy cases.The height of the injured vertebrae was measured and the internal fixation was observed through the preoperative and postoperative X-ray.Results All the fractured vertebrae got well reduction.All cases were followed up 8 to 48 months,25 months in average,all cases got bone healing,there were no loss of the height of the injured vertebraeand no breaking or loosen of the screws or rods.At least 1 grade of ASIA scale of neurological function improvement were got in all cases except in the 3 cases of grade 1.Conclusion The thoracolumbar fractrues were treated withpedicle screw internal fixation can recover the height of the injured vertebrae,improve the neurological function and maintain the physiological curve of the spine,transpedicular intracorporeal grafting can well restore the stability of the three column of spine and avoid losing of height of injured vertebrae.
【Key words】Thoracolumbar fracture; Pedicle;Bone grafting
胸腰段骨折經后路短節段椎弓根釘內固定治療,雖然可以重建椎體高度和生理彎曲,但單純后路植骨術后出現糾正度丟失率及內固定失敗率是當代骨科醫師所面臨的一大難題,經椎弓根釘行椎體內植骨是臨床嘗試,遠期療效待進一步觀察。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料 2004年10月至2007年8月收治的胸腰椎單節段骨折53例,男34例,女19例;年齡26~46歲,平均36歲。骨折節段:T118例,T1219例,L126例。術前神經功能按ASIA[1]分級:A級5例,B級7例,C級15例,D級7例,E級19例。其中壓縮型骨折11例,爆裂型骨折42例。所有患者均經CT掃描證實椎體中柱受損,屬不穩定型骨折。所有患者在傷后一周內行后路切開復位,短節段椎弓根釘內固定術,應用內固定器GSS、CDH、MOSS-MIAMI等后路釘棒系統。其中31例行椎板減壓,23例未行椎板減壓。所有病例術中均經髂后上嵴取骨,傷椎棘突,椎板減壓等所咬下的碎骨也用于椎體內及雙側橫突間植骨。
1.2 手術方法
1.2.1 腰硬聯合麻醉下,患者俯臥于U型墊上,常規顯露包括病椎在內的上下三個椎體的雙側椎板至橫突。椎弓根釘進針點定位采用Weunsten[2]或人字嵴定位點[3],手錐鉆孔后插入克氏針,經C型臂X線機明確在椎弓根內后,擰入椎弓根釘。術前CT掃描椎管明顯受壓,超過50%和(或)存在神經癥狀者均行椎管減壓,然后安裝縱連桿按步驟撐開恢復病椎高度。
1.2.2 應用田氏脊柱花刀探查并復位突入椎管后方骨塊,注意盡量減少刺激脊髓,如減壓徹底可見硬膜明顯搏動。術中可能見椎管靜脈叢出血,多經壓迫或減壓后能很好地止血。
1.2.3 病椎椎弓根定位后,運用協和環鉆經椎弓根鉆孔[4],經病椎兩側椎弓根鉆孔形成椎弓根通道,用Krrison咬鉗經通道咬除壓入椎體的髓核或用脊柱花刀復位塌陷的終板。如縱連桿對病椎通道操作有影響可拆除一側縱連桿,形成通道后從新裝上。
1.2.4 髂后上嵴取松質骨,如行椎板減壓,連同椎板及棘突所咬下的碎骨,一起經病椎椎弓根通道植入椎體,53例病例植骨量7~9 g。植骨過程經C型臂X線機監控。將包括病椎在內的上下三個脊椎橫突用磨鉆磨除皮質,剩余碎骨植于兩側橫突間。未行椎管減壓病例,磨鉆磨除椎板皮質后加行椎板植骨。
1.2.5 椎管減壓的病例于減壓創面注射生物蛋白膠或取脂肪墊覆蓋防粘連。常規置膠管負壓引流。
1.3 術后處理 48 h后拔引流管。拔引流管后,雙下肢肌力在Ⅳ級以上的可戴支具下床活動,雙下肢肌力Ⅲ級以下的臥床功能鍛煉。3個月后去支具負重。
2 結果
53例病例椎弓根釘均能準確置入椎弓根處,病椎高度恢復90%以上。傷前的后突畸形Cobb角平均為26°(11°~32°),術后糾正至平均3°(1°~7°)。術后隨訪8~48個月,平均25個月,53例患者骨折均骨性愈合,未發現畸形矯正度的喪失,無斷釘或斷棒現象。最初ASIA分級A級3例無恢復,2例恢復至C級;B級5例恢復至D級,2例恢復至C級;C級10例恢復至E級,5例恢復至D級;D級7例均恢復至E級; E級19例無加重。37例患者已于術后12個月左右拆除內固定器,近期隨訪未見再次塌陷。
3 討論
生物力學研究表明[5,6],在直立時,80%~90%的軸向壓力直接作用于前柱上,其余的10%~20%則通過后柱。Biedermann[7]在完整結構良好的前柱中,應用后路小直徑柔性棒“張力”固定,確定了80%力通過前柱,而20%力在后柱;在應用后路剛性內置物時,力量轉移不大,65%的力直接轉移到前柱,35%在后柱,如果椎體切除沒有重建,則100%的力必定會通過后方內置物。Gaines[8]所提供的臨床資料討論了脊柱骨折的載荷分布分類,顯示在三柱不穩時有相當的應力作用在后路短節段器械,這是造成螺釘斷裂的原因之一。因此脊柱前柱缺陷時,僅靠后路內固定器械難以達到前柱理想載荷分布,需行前路支撐植骨或其他方法的脊柱前路重建。
盡管胸腰椎骨折侵犯椎管的因素大多數來自前方,前路減壓更加完全,但經后路椎弓根釘固定無疑更加牢固,而且,急性期經后路通過韌帶的牽拉達到復位減壓的效果已經得到許多學者的證實[9],這就是目前后路固定仍能流行的原因之一。理論上經前路減壓加后路固定可能達到更好的遠期治療效果,但更大的創傷至今難以讓大多數骨科醫師接受。通過相應的器械的幫助下使復位、固定和三柱融合能在單一入路進行應該是更好的選折。經椎弓根椎體植骨提高前方遠期的支撐力應該是一種可行的嘗試。
有學者[10]認為骨折后的椎體復位后,椎體呈“蛋殼”樣改變,椎體內間隙不會發生骨性愈合,而是由纖維性組織充填。徐寶山[11]隨訪了18例患者,術后經CT掃描,證實16例傷椎內有空隙存在,另外,胸腰椎爆裂骨折時,椎間盤髓核擠入椎體,也是造成椎體內骨性愈合不全的重要原因之一。因此經椎弓根行椎間植骨,清除擠入椎體內的髓核對椎體的骨性愈合在理論上有較大的意義。本組病例短期隨訪未見傷椎高度及角度的丟失,遠期隨訪尚需進一步觀察。
術中借助相應器械對手術的成功與否有很大幫助。田氏花刀對經韌帶牽拉仍無法復位的后突骨塊有很好的效果,雖然在操作過程中有刺激脊髓之嫌,但熟練的操作是能達到效果的;手術難點在于經椎弓根植骨通道的建立,意外的創傷可能加重脊髓損傷或損傷神經根,要求精細的操作,協和環鉆在處理壓入椎體的髓核有意想不到的結果。
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