在英語學(xué)習(xí)中,很多學(xué)生對從句望而生畏,因為從句的引導(dǎo)詞和連詞又多又雜,而且其中有許多重合的地方,使學(xué)生在做題時感到十分困惑,往往不能作出正確的解答,其實要解決這個問題并不難,只要找準(zhǔn)要害,抓住關(guān)鍵,就能破解這個難題。 在此,我談幾點個人的認識。
一、從句的區(qū)別
英語中的從句看似紛繁復(fù)雜,其實分為三大類:定語從句、名詞性從句和狀語從句。這三類從句的性質(zhì)、作用和引導(dǎo)詞或連詞具體分析如下。

綜觀所有從句,以從句在句中有無相關(guān)聯(lián)的名詞為區(qū)分點,就可以分為兩大類:有之,即為定語從句或同位語從句;無之,即為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句或狀語從句。
(一)定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別。
在定語從句中,從句修飾名詞或代詞(即先行詞),這個詞與從句是范圍大小的關(guān)系。名詞所表達的含義范圍大于從句所表達的,引導(dǎo)詞指代的是先行詞。例:He followed this advice that I gave.句中“advice”強調(diào)是我給的而不是其他人給的,與從句是包含關(guān)系,而引導(dǎo)詞that指的就是advice,故為定語從句。在同位語從句中,名詞的意義等同于從句的意義,整個從句的含義說明了對應(yīng)名詞的具體內(nèi)容,引導(dǎo)詞不能代表前面的名詞。例:His advice that I should see the doctor is right.句中“advice”就是指“I should see the doctor”,引導(dǎo)詞that本身無意義,名詞advice表達的意義就是從句說明的內(nèi)容,是對等的同一的,故為同位語從句。
(二)主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句與狀語從句的區(qū)別。
從功能上區(qū)分,主語從句、賓語從句和表語從句在復(fù)合句中作主語、賓語或表語,狀語從句在復(fù)合句中作狀語。這些從句的主要形式為:
主語從句放在主語的位置:_______+V+O;It+V+O+_______;+L+P; It+L+P+_______ .例如:1.Who will win the game is still a puzzle.2.It occurred to her that she had forgotten to lock the door.3.Who made the long distance call is not important.4.It’s strange that he didn’t come yesterday.賓語從句放在動詞后或介詞后:S+V+_______;S+V+介詞+_______.S+V+O(間接賓語)+_______; S+L+P+_______。例如:1.I do not mind where he comes from.2.This depends on whether he is coming or not.3.He promised us that he would give us more help later on.4.I am not certain whether I have met him before.表語從句放在系動詞后:S+L+_______。例如:The question is that we do not have much time left.狀語從句的形式:S+V+O,_______;S+L+P,_______ 。例如:1.Wherever you go,I will follow you.2.When she heard the news ,she was happy.
二、引導(dǎo)詞的選擇
從句中引導(dǎo)詞的選擇是高考題中的一個重要考點,無論是單項選擇、完型填空,還是短文改錯,都涉及引導(dǎo)詞的選擇。在進行引導(dǎo)詞的選擇時,學(xué)生只要抓住從句的句子結(jié)構(gòu),就等于掌握了解開鎖的鑰匙。因此,我們做題時可以這么分析,如果從句中缺乏主語、賓語或者表語,引導(dǎo)詞就要在關(guān)系代詞(who,whom,which,that)或連接代詞(what,which,who,whom,whatever,whichever,whoever)中找。例如:The manis standing there is my brother.本從句從意義上分析為定語從句,且從句中缺主語,因此引導(dǎo)詞要在關(guān)系代詞中找,又因先行詞是人,所以就用who或者that來引導(dǎo)從句。如果從句中主語、賓語或表語都有,那么引導(dǎo)詞就要從關(guān)系副詞(when,where,how,why)、連接副詞(when,where,how,why,whenever,wherever,however)或者連詞(that,if,whether)中找。例如:_______he will be back depends on the weather.通過分析,上句中的從句為主語從句,因為從句中有主語和表語,因此引導(dǎo)詞要從連詞或連接副詞中找。根據(jù)題意,可以使用whether或者how來引導(dǎo)。狀語從句要按照意義上的理解來選擇引導(dǎo)詞。例如:1._______he comes back,he always makes much noise.本句要表示時間,因此從句用when 來引導(dǎo)。2.Sit_______you like.本句要表示地點,因此從句用where來引導(dǎo)。
注意:whose表示“……的”,相當(dāng)于形容詞,在引導(dǎo)詞后必須出現(xiàn)名詞。例如:Steven Sperbieg is a famous director,_______mother is a teacher.本句中先行詞“director”與從句之間是從屬關(guān)系,因此橫線上要填whose。
三、歷年考題
1.The fact has worried many scientists_______the earth is becoming warmer and warmer these years.(09江西卷)
A. whatB. whichC. thatD. though
2.All the neighbors admire this family_______the parents are treating their child like a friend.(2008安徽卷)
A. whyB. whereC. whichD. that
3.Yesterday she sold her car,_______she bought a month ago.(2008浙江卷)
A. whenB. whereC. thatD. which
4._______matters most in learning English is enough practice.(2007全國卷Ⅱ)
A. whatB. whyC. whereD. which
5.I used to love that film_______I was a child,but I don’t feel it that way any more.(2008遼寧卷)
A. oneB. whenC. sinceD. although
6. Many children,_______parents are away working in big cities,are taken good care of in the village.(09安徽卷)
A. theirB. whoseC. of themD. with whom
答案:CBDABB