確定文章標(biāo)題有三招

一個(gè)好的文章標(biāo)題（best title/headline）應(yīng)具備三個(gè)特點(diǎn)：概括性（即抽象、準(zhǔn)確而又簡(jiǎn)短）；針對(duì)性（即標(biāo)題外延正好與文章內(nèi)容相符，“帽子”不大不小）；醒目性（即新穎奇特，能引發(fā)讀者急迫的閱讀欲望）。以下三個(gè)技巧在提高解題速度和準(zhǔn)確性上各具優(yōu)勢(shì)。

一、正面肯定法

準(zhǔn)確把握文章的主旨大意：瀏覽文首文尾、段首段尾，找主題句；理解文章結(jié)構(gòu)，揣摩哪個(gè)主題句或中心詞概括性更高、更準(zhǔn)確，并和備選項(xiàng)對(duì)照，做出判斷。

二、反面否定法

撇開(kāi)原文章，拿各個(gè)備選項(xiàng)去嘗試用它們寫出來(lái)的“文章”將是什么內(nèi)容，然后和原文章對(duì)照，一一排除荒謬者。

三、研究備選項(xiàng)本身

研究備選項(xiàng)里面的中心詞、修飾詞的變化、結(jié)構(gòu)、新奇性、概括力等。文章的標(biāo)題應(yīng)該新穎奇特，易激發(fā)讀者好奇心，吸引讀者注意力。

綜合使用上述技巧，效果更佳。

【例】(2010廣東卷)When something goes wrong，it can be very satisfying to say，”Well， it’s so-and-so’s fault.” or “I know I’m late，but it’s not my fault；the car broke down.” It is probably not your fault，but once you form the habit of blaming somebody or something else for a bad situation，you are a loser. You have no power and could do nothing that helps change the situation. However， you can have great power over what happens to you if you stop focusing on whom to blame and start focusing on how to remedy the situation. This is the winner’s key to success.

Winners are great at overcoming problems. For example， if you were late because your car broke down， maybe you need to have your car examined more regularly. Or， you might start to carry along with you the useful phone numbers， so you could call for help when in need. For another example， ...... You should accept that the person is not reliable and find creative ways to work successfully regardless of how your colleague fails to do his job well.

This is what being a winner is all about—creatively using your skills and talents so that you are successful no matter what happens. Winners don’t have fewer problems in their lives; they have just as many difficult situations to face as anybody else. They are just better at seeing those problems as challenges and opportunities to develop their own talents. So， stop focusing on “whose fault it is.” Once you are confident about your power over bad situations， problems are just stepping stop on for success.

50. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?

A. A Winner’s Secret.

B. A Winner’s Problem.

C. A Winner’s Opportunity.

D. A Winner’s Achievement.

[方法1]正面肯定法。第一段最后一句說(shuō)，“這”（贏家碰到問(wèn)題不是責(zé)怪別人，而是設(shè)法補(bǔ)救）就是贏家成功的秘密。第二、第三段第一句分別是這兩段的主題句，說(shuō)贏家擅長(zhǎng)“克服問(wèn)題”，把問(wèn)題當(dāng)作挑戰(zhàn)和機(jī)遇。文章中盡管多次出現(xiàn)“problem”一詞，但只是說(shuō)贏家怎樣對(duì)待“問(wèn)題”而成功，故選A。

[方法2]反面否定法。如果以“A Winner’s Problem ”為標(biāo)題寫文章，那么全文應(yīng)主要涉及贏家會(huì)遇到哪些“問(wèn)題”，諸如社會(huì)的、心理的、專業(yè)的、身體的問(wèn)題，等等。如果以“A Winner’s Opportunity”為題做文章，則應(yīng)著墨于“機(jī)遇”對(duì)成功的影響，即文章需著重論述贏家與“機(jī)遇”的關(guān)系。如果以“A Winner’s Achievement”為題著文，則文中應(yīng)該談及贏家的“成就”。然而都不是，故不選B、C、D。

[方法3]研究備選項(xiàng)本身。A中的“secret”一詞最吸引眼球，也最具概括力。故選A。

【運(yùn)用】請(qǐng)根據(jù)以上方法給下列短文選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)臉?biāo)題。

（2010遼寧卷）Too much TV-watching can harm children’s ability to learn and even reduce their chances of getting a college degree， new studies suggest in the latest effort to examine the effects of television on children.

One of the studies looked at nearly 400 northern California third-graders. Those with TVs in their bedrooms scored about eight points lower on math and language arts tests than children without bedroom TVs.

A second study，looking at nearly 1000 grown-ups in New Zealand， found lower education levels among 26-year-olds who had watched lots of TV during childhood. But the results don’t prove that TV is the cause and don't ride out that already poorly motivated youngsters (年輕人）may watch lots of TV. ......

In the California study， children with TVs in their rooms but no computer at home scored the lowest while those with no bedroom TV but who had home computers scored the highest.

While this study does not prove that bedroom TV sets caused the lower scores， it adds to accumulating findings that children shouldn't have TVs in their bedrooms.

67. What would be the best title for this text?

A. Computers or Television

B. Effects of Television on Children

C. Studies on TV and College Education

D. Television and Children's Learning Habits

答案與解析：

正面肯定法：該文主要通過(guò)兩項(xiàng)研究分析了“兒童看電視對(duì)他們學(xué)業(yè)所造成的影響”，尤其是孩子的寢室里有電視機(jī)時(shí)對(duì)學(xué)業(yè)影響最大。文首第一段話和文尾最后一段話都揭示了文章的這一主題，中間四段(這里省去一段)介紹了研究的對(duì)象、內(nèi)容和結(jié)果。故選B。

研究備選項(xiàng)本身：A選項(xiàng)外延太大，概括性很差。C選項(xiàng)的中心詞是“studies”，成了“電視和大學(xué)教育的研究”，概括嚴(yán)重偏離主題。D選項(xiàng)的中心詞“television”和“habits”成了并列關(guān)系，意思是“電視和孩子的學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣”，顯然也偏離了主題。

反面否定法：試著用各備選項(xiàng)作文，對(duì)照原文主旨，很容易否定A、C、D。

責(zé)任編校 蔣小青