議論文的命題思路與解題技巧

議論文的閱讀能力是人們?nèi)粘Ｉ钪兴貍涞囊环N能力，同時(shí)，也是高考英語考試說明中所要求的必考閱讀能力之一，更是高考英語閱讀理解題中的難點(diǎn)之一。因此，了解和掌握高考英語閱讀理解題中議論文的命題思路和解題技巧既是每個(gè)考生考前必須經(jīng)歷的一個(gè)過程，也是每個(gè)考生終生必須得以訓(xùn)練和儲(chǔ)備的一種能力。

一、議論文的命題思路分析

1. 議論文的基本概念。

議論文也稱論說文（Argumentation）。它是利用邏輯推理方法對(duì)主題進(jìn)行論證和為主題尋找論據(jù)的一種文體形式。

議論文的內(nèi)容主要由兩部分組成：論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)。所謂論點(diǎn)，是用來表達(dá)作者的一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)、一種傾向，或者是作者認(rèn)為客觀存在的一種定理。它是議論文的主旨或核心，也可以說是文章的靈魂。所謂論據(jù)，是作者用來證明論點(diǎn)的理由和依據(jù)。論據(jù)既可以是理論，也可以是數(shù)據(jù)，還可以是事例。論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)是議論文的兩個(gè)重要因素，相互關(guān)聯(lián)，缺一不可，由此也構(gòu)成了議論文的基本框架。

2. 命題材料的主要話題。

高考英語閱讀理解的文章在題材與話題的選材上大致離不開以下幾方面的內(nèi)容：

(1)與學(xué)校生活相關(guān)。如：2010年北京卷B篇，2007年全國卷B篇。

(2)與社會(huì)生活相關(guān)。如：2008天津卷D篇， 2007湖南卷D篇，2005年四川卷E篇。

(3)與家庭生活相關(guān)。如：2008年廣東卷A篇，2007年北京卷D篇。

(4)與社會(huì)熱點(diǎn)相關(guān)。如：2010年廣東卷B篇，2007年安徽卷A篇。

(5)與科技生活相關(guān)。如：2010年陜西卷D篇，2005年江蘇卷E篇。

3. 命題材料的基本框架。

高考英語議論文命題時(shí)由于受到字?jǐn)?shù)的限制（一般300—400個(gè)詞），在選材時(shí)很難全文照搬，命題人只能是將議論文基本結(jié)構(gòu)中的主要骨架部分保留。議論文的主要結(jié)構(gòu)有以下兩類。

(1)“總—分—總”結(jié)構(gòu)。如2010年高考北京卷閱讀理解D篇：

The Cost of Higher Education

Individuals (個(gè)人) should pay for their higher education.

A university education is of huge and direct benefit to the individual. Graduates earn more than non-graduates. Meanwhile， social mobility is ever more dependent on having a degree. However， only some people have it. So the individual， not the taxpayers， should pay for it. There are pressing calls on the resources (資源) of the government. Using taxpayers’money to help a small number of people to earn high incomes in the future is not one of them.

Full government funding (資助) is not very good for universities. Adam Smith worked in a Scottish university whose teachers lived off student fees. He knew and looked down upon 18th-century Oxford， where the academics lived comfortably off the income received from the government. Guaranteed salaries， Smith argued， were the enemy of hard work; and when the academics were lazy and incompetent， the students were similarly lazy.

If students have to pay for their education， they not only work harder， but also demand more from their teachers. And their teachers have to keep them satisfied. If that means taking teaching seriously， and giving less time to their own research interests， that is surely something to celebrate.

Many people believe that higher education should be free because it is good for the economy (經(jīng)濟(jì)). Many graduates clearly do contribute to national wealth， but so do all the businesses that invest (投資) and create jobs. If you believe that the government should pay for higher education because graduates are economically productive， you should also believe that the government should pay part of business costs. Anyone promising to create jobs should receive a gift of capital from the government to invest. Therefore， it is the individual， not the government， who should pay for their university education.

68. The underlined word “them” in Paragraph 2 refers to _______.

A. taxpayers B. pressing calls

C. college graduatesD. government resources

69. The author thinks that with full government funding _______.

A. teachers are less satisfied

B. students are more demanding

C. students will become more competent

D. teachers will spend less time on teaching

70. The author mentions businesses in Paragraph 5 in order to _______.

A. argue against free university education

B. call on them to finance students’ studies

C. encourage graduates to go into business

D. show their contribution to higher education

第一段只有一句話：Individuals (個(gè)人) should pay for their higher education.（個(gè)人應(yīng)該為高等教育付費(fèi)）， 但這句話卻是文章的核心，是作者堅(jiān)持的觀點(diǎn)。第二、三、四、五段分別用不同的事實(shí)和理由對(duì)其觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行了論證。文章的最后一句話與作者的觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行了呼應(yīng)，Therefore， it is the individual， not the government who should pay for their university education.（因此，不是政府，而是個(gè)人應(yīng)該為大學(xué)教育付費(fèi)）(答案：BDA)

(2)“總——分”結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

It has been argued about that an infant under three who is cared for outside the home may suffer because of the separation from his parents. The British psychoanalyst(精神分析學(xué)家) John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive “attachment” period from birth to three may scar(ruin) a child’s personality and predispose them to emotional problems in later life. Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby’s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation， and many people do believe this. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.

Firstly， anthropologist（人類學(xué)家） point out that the close love affair between children and parents found in modern societies does not usually exist in traditional societies. For example， we saw earlier that among the Ngoni the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone—far from it. But traditional societies are so different from modern societies that comparisons based on just one factor are hard to interpret.

Secondly， common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents， caretakers or pediatricians(兒科醫(yī)師) found that children had problems with it. But Bowlby’s analysis raises the possibility that early day care has delayed effects. The possibility that such care might lead to， say， more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only be explored by the use of statistics. Statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out， and even if they were， the result would be certain to be complicated.

Thirdly， in the last decade， there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care， and they have effect on children’s development. But tests that have had to be used to measure this development are not widely enough accepted to settle the issue.

1. According to the British psychoanalyst， children under the age of three _____ .

A. should not be sent to school

B. should be cared for outside the home

C. will not suffer from parental separation

D. don’t mind who will look after them

2. What does the author mean by saying “the father and mother didn’t rear their infant alone ——far from it”?

A. The parents loved their children but kept far away from them.

B. The parents got much help from others to rear their infants.

C. The parents got little help to look after their children.

D. The parents didn’t follow their children at early stage.

3. The argument against Bowlby’s conclusion shows that _____.

A. there is no negative delayed effect on infants at school before three

B. there is long-term effect on infants who go to school from three

C. children sent to school before three are subject to mental illness

D. children have problems with day care

4. The phrase “day care” in paragraph 1 probably means_____.

A. boarding schoolB. primary school

C. baby-sitting D. nursery school

5. Which of the following can be the best title of the passage?

A. Childhood Is Important

B. Negative Effect of Infant Separation

C. Early or Later Day Care

D. Advantages of Infants’ Early Care

作者在第一段首先指出以英國精神分析學(xué)家John Bowlby 為代表的觀點(diǎn)，即孩子在三歲前不應(yīng)該被送到幼兒園或者育嬰所去。作者在該段最后一句提出本文的論點(diǎn)：但是反對(duì)這一觀點(diǎn)的理由也很充分(But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion)。接著，用三段文字分別列舉三個(gè)理由。(答案為：ABADC)

二、議論文的解題方法指導(dǎo)

1. 議論文閱讀理解題的閱讀策略

議論文的基本結(jié)構(gòu)主要如前面所述的兩種結(jié)構(gòu)，其基本要素就是論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)。因此，我們的考生必須緊緊扣住結(jié)構(gòu)和要素這兩大特點(diǎn)來進(jìn)行議論文閱讀。

(1)善辨結(jié)構(gòu)。

文章無論長短，只要是議論文，它一定會(huì)有論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)兩大板塊。但其內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)一般都是“總——分——總”或“總——分”。同學(xué)們?nèi)绻陂喿x時(shí)能分辨文章的這種基本結(jié)構(gòu)，對(duì)各個(gè)段落的作用和對(duì)文章的理解也就不難。

(2)會(huì)抓論點(diǎn)。

議論文的作者在寫作時(shí)，一般是開門見山，在文章的開頭就亮出自己的觀點(diǎn)，如：2010年北京市高考英語議論文，第一句話就是全文的核心（Individuals should pay for their higher education. （個(gè)人應(yīng)該為高等教育付費(fèi)），觀點(diǎn)顯而易見。但是，作者表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)(論點(diǎn))并不一定是在第一句，有的在段落中，有的在段落的末句，特別要留意有however等表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語后，有可能是作者提出論點(diǎn)。因此，閱讀中會(huì)抓論點(diǎn)是議論文閱讀的一個(gè)先決條件。

(3)細(xì)找論據(jù)。

一般來說，議論文中，論據(jù)是議論文的主體部分，所占篇幅要大大超過論點(diǎn)部分。論據(jù)可能由多個(gè)段落組成，有時(shí)一個(gè)段落形成一個(gè)論據(jù)，有時(shí)幾個(gè)段落形成一個(gè)論據(jù)。因此，仔細(xì)找尋論據(jù)，是考生必備的一種能力。

2. 議論文閱讀理解題的解題技巧

議論文閱讀理解題的解題技巧同其他體裁文章閱讀的解題技巧相近，只是少一些推理判斷題型的試題。下面，就議論文閱讀的幾種命題形式談?wù)勗诮忸}中要注意的一些問題。

(1)文章的主題。

議論文文章的主題的選擇一定要代表的是全文的大意，而不是某一段落的大意。在文章的主題考查命題中，命題者通常要命制如下四個(gè)答案：一個(gè)正確的、代表全文大意的答案，一個(gè)代表某一段落的大意或跟某一段落相關(guān)的答案，一個(gè)本文中提到的某個(gè)事物或觀點(diǎn)的答案，一個(gè)可能完全不相干、但又有迷惑性的答案?？忌朴趶倪@四個(gè)答案中去分析，選出最合適的答案。

(2)作者的態(tài)度。

在高考英語議論文閱讀中，考生最容易犯錯(cuò)誤的題、難度最大的題就是該題。解這樣的題時(shí)，考生們一定要全面分析，通盤考慮，既要看作者的書面用詞，又要考慮作者的隱含意思，既要考慮作者的論點(diǎn)，還要考慮作者的論證方法和論據(jù)的取舍。

(3)詞義的猜測(cè)。

議論文中詞義的猜測(cè)與其它文體中的詞義猜測(cè)略有不同。其它文體中詞義的猜測(cè)主要考慮的是與事實(shí)相符的意思，而議論文中詞義的猜測(cè)除了要考慮上下文的意義、前后的轉(zhuǎn)折以外，更多的是要考慮與觀點(diǎn)相符的意思。

(4)具體的論據(jù)。

也叫細(xì)節(jié)考查。解此類考題時(shí)，考生一定要保證在文章中能找到試題命題的出處。同時(shí)，還要注意的是千萬不要把論證過程的假設(shè)當(dāng)成了真實(shí)的條件。

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