解答推理判斷題的三種思維方法

推理判斷題是高考閱讀理解試題中的重要題型之一，也是考生失分率較高的題型。推理判斷題要求考生不僅要讀懂句子的字面含義，而且要理解其深層含義，也就是理解作者的言外之意(read between lines)，并能夠根據證據(evidence)或事實(fact)進行判斷、分析和推理，從而得出結論。因此，在文章中快速準確地尋找到用以判斷推理的證據就非常重要。下面筆者談一談推理判斷題的設計特點和解題技巧。

一、推理判斷題的設計特點

1. 推理判斷題的題干形式。

推理判斷題的題干中常有infer， imply， suggest等標志性的單詞，由此可判斷，此類試題屬于推理判斷題。常見的題干設題形式如下：

⑴ What can be inferred about ... in the passage?

⑵ The last sentence “...” implies that ________.

⑶ What Mr. Smith said suggests that ________.

2. 推理判斷題的選項特點。

推理判斷題中的正確選項是依據文章的事實或證據推斷出的符合邏輯的結論或觀點，而不是文章中的具體事實。因此，干擾項具有以下特征：

（1）似是而非：這類干擾項是對文章信息的簡單陳述，而不是依據事實得出的結論。這種選項對考生的干擾性極大，表面上看起來很正確，符合原文的意思，極容易迷惑考生。

（2）夸大事實：對文章的事實或證據進行夸大。

（3）推理過度：這類選項往往過于絕對化，有時會出現only， all等詞語，所作出的結論不符合邏輯。

（4）摻入常識：按常識來講是正確的，但不是根據文章中的證據推斷出來的結論。

[2010江西卷E篇第3段]Not that we don’t thave other powers of communication. Our facial expressions convey our emotions， such as anger， or joy or disappointment. The way we hold our heads can indicate to others whether we are happy or sad. This is so-called “body language”. Bristling(直立的)fur is an unmistakable warning of attack among many animals. Similarly， the bowed bead or drooping tail shows a readiness to take second place in any animal gathering.

What can be inferred from Paragraph 3?

A. Body language is unique to humans.

B. Animals express emotions just as humans do.

C. Humans have other powers of communication.

D. Humans are no different from animals to some degree.

解析：根據這一段的主要信息去推斷。這一段談到人通過身體語言(body language)表達喜怒哀樂，動物的毛發豎立是發出攻擊的準確無誤的信號，在動物相聚時，低垂著頭或夾著尾巴表示“屈從”。這些事實說明，人和動物在某種程度是沒有什么不同的，因此正確答案為D。選項A夸大事實，不能說身體語言是人類獨有的，動物也有身體語言；選項B推理過度，動物就像人一樣表達情感這個結論顯然推理過度了。選項C似是而非，它只是對這一段的第一句話的簡單陳述，而不是依據文章的事實作出的推斷。

二、推理判斷題的解題思路

1. 根據主旨大意去推斷。

有的推理判斷題并不是根據文章中的某一句就可以得出結論，而是在準確理解文章的主旨大意的基礎上才可以作出正確的結論。例如：

[2010遼寧卷A篇]It was a village in India. The people were poor. However，they were not unhappy. After all， their forefathers had lived in the same way for centuries.

Then one day， some visitors from the city arrived. They told the villagers there were some people elsewhere who liked to eat frogs’ legs. However， they did not have enough frogs of their own， and so they wanted to buy frogs from other places.

This seemed like money for nothing. There were millions of frogs in the fields around， and they were no use to the villagers. All they had to do was catch them. Agreement was reached， and the children were sent into the fields to catch frogs. Every week a truck arrived to collect the catch and hand over the money. For the first time， the people were able to dream of a better future. But the dream didn’t last long.

The change was hardly noticed at first， but it seemed as if the crops were not doing so well. More worrying was that the children fell ill more often， and， there seemed to be more insects around lately.

The villagers decided that they couldn’t just wait to see the crops failing and the children getting weak. They would have to use the money earned to buy pesticides(殺蟲劑) and medicines. Soon there was no money left.

Then the people realized what was happening. It was the frog. They hadn’t been useless. They had been doing an important job---eating insects. Now with so many frogs killed， the insects were increasing more rapidly. They were damaging the crops and spreading diseases.

Now， the people are still poor. But in the evenings they sit in the village square and listen to sounds of insects and frogs. These sounds of the night now have a much deeper meaning.

What can we infer from the last sentence of the text?

A. Happiness comes from peaceful life in the country.

B. Health is more important than money.

C. The harmony between man and nature is important.

D. Good old day will never be forgotten.

解析：此題要求理解文章最后一句話的深層含義。考生應該根據文章的主旨大意去分析這句話的寓意。最后這句話對全文的主題起了畫龍點睛的作用，進一步點明了全文的主題：人與大自然和諧相處是多么重要。全文主要講述了印度的一個村莊的村民為了賺錢讓孩子大肆捕捉青蛙，結果孩子生病、莊稼減產、害蟲增多，遭到大自然報復的故事。這個故事說明了人類不能為了眼前的利益而破壞生態平衡，因此我們可以推斷：人類和大自然和諧相處是多么重要。此題正確答案為C。

2. 利用逆向思維去推斷。

逆向思維也叫求異思維，它是對司空見慣的似乎已成定論的事物或觀點反過來思考的一種思維方式。做題時，我們應該根據文中的關鍵事實，敢于“反其道而思之”，讓思維向對立的方向發展，從問題的相反面深入地進行探索，從而得到新的結論或作者的言外之意。例如：

[2010福建卷A篇]However， Fitzgerald’s problems with his wife Zelda affected his writing. During the 1920s he tried to reorder his life， but failed. By 1930， his wife had her first breakdown and went to a Swiss clinic. During this period he completed novels Tender Is the Night in 1934 and The love of the Last Tycoon in 1940. While his wife was in hospital in the United States， he got totally addicted to alcohol. Sheila graham， his dear friend， helped him fight his alcoholism.

We can infer from the passage that Fitzgerald _______.

A. had made some money when he met Zelda in Alabama

B. was well educated and well off before he served in the army

C. would have completed more works if his wife hadn’t broken down

D. helped his friend get rid of drinking while his wife was in hospital

解析：抓住文章的關鍵信息（證據）“Fitzgerald’s problems with his wife Zelda affected his writing” 以及“While his wife was in hospital in the United States， he got totally addicted to alcohol.”， 利用逆向思維，可以推斷，假如Fitzgerald不是因為他妻子生病影響了他寫作，他本來可以寫出更多的文學作品。因此此題正確答案為C。

3. 利用正向思維去推斷。

所謂正向思維，就是人們在創造性思維活動中，沿襲某些常規去分析問題，按事物發展的進程進行思考、推測，是一種從已知到未知的揭示事物本質的思維方法。做題時，我們可以根據文章的關鍵信息（事實），沿著作者原來的思路從正面去分析問題，從而得出新的結論。例如：

[2010廣東卷C篇]When people handle food properly， the risk of food poisoning is very small. Microorganisms multiply rapidly in dirty places and in warm temperatures. This means that people should never touch food with dirty hands or put food on unwashed surfaces. Food should be kept in a refrigerator to stop microorganisms from growing. Meat needs to be cooked thoroughly to kill any dangerous microorganism. People should also wash food covered with chemicals before eating it. Finally， people should not eat wild mushrooms or other foods that grow in the wild. Some of these foods may contain natural materials that are poisonous to humans. In addition， some types of fish can be poisonous.

…

It can be inferred from the passage that.

A. natural materials are safe in food processing

B. chemicals are needed in food processing

C. food poisoning can be kept under control

D. food poisoning is out of control

解析：抓住文中劃線部分的關鍵信息：如果人們正確處理食物，那么食物中毒的危險就會很小。利用正向思維去分析、判斷，我們可以得出結論：食物中毒是可控的。因此此題的正確答案為C。

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