When的多重含義與高考試題分析

從歷屆各地高考英語試題不難發現，when一詞已成為高考命題的熱點詞匯之一，它可以引導高考必考的名詞性從句、定語從句和狀語從句。2009年全國高考有六個地區的試卷考查了when的不同用法。在最近五年的高考中(2005—2009)，如福建卷分別在2005、2008和2009三年的試卷中考查了when引導狀語從句;四川卷在2008和2009連續兩年以及山東卷在2006和2008年的考卷中分別考查了when引導狀語從句和定語從句。遺憾的是，不少考生對于when用法的認知不夠全面，不能詳盡地掌握它的多重用法，因此有必要對該單詞予以進一步的討論。本文將在結合理解高考英語試題的基礎上，對when的主要用法進行簡要的分析。

一、當(某事發生)時(Definition:at or during the time that something happens)。

(1)When the family came here from Russia，they were penniless.

那家人從俄羅斯遷來這里時身無分文。

(2)He flew Tornado jets when he was in the airforce.

他在空軍服役時駕駛龍卷風戰斗機。

【高考試題】

例1:(NMET 2008 遼寧 32)

I used to love that film _______I was a child，but I don’t feel it that way any more.

A.once B.when C.since D.although

例2:(NMET 2007 北京25)

——Where’s that report?

——I brought it to you _______you were in Mr.Black’s office yesterday.

A.if B.when C.because D.before

例3:(NMET 2005 福建24)

——Did Jack come back early last night?

——Yes.It was not yet eight o’clock_______he arrived home.

A.before B.when C.that D.until

例4:(NMET 2009 安徽 27)

A good friend of mine from _______I was born showed up at my home right before I left for Beijing.

A.how B.whom C.when D.which

分析:以上四個例題的答案分別為ABBBC，均考查了when的用法。在例1—3中，when引導狀語從句，例4中的when引導賓語從句(作為介詞from的賓語)。

二、(用于時間的表達方式之后)在那時(Definition:at which，in which，on which，at which time，on which occasion，etc.)。

(1)Sunday is the only day when I can relax.

星期天是我唯一可以休息的日子。

(2)There are times when I wonder why I do this job.

有時候我也不明白我為什么要干這個工作。

(3)The last time I went to Scotland was in May，when the weather was beautiful.

我上次去蘇格蘭是在五月份，那時的天氣好極了。

【高考試題】

例5:(NMET 2009 江蘇 23)

Because of the financial crisis，days are gone_______local 5-star hotels charged 6，000 yuan for one night.

A.if B.when C.which D.since

例6:(NMET 2009 四川 20)

She’ll never forget her stay there _______she found her son who had gone missing two years before.

A.that B.which C.where D.when

例7:(NMET 2008 山東 26)

Occasions are quite rare_______I have the time to spend a day with my kids.

A.who B.which C.why D.when

分析:以上三題的答案依次為ADD。when在每句中都引導定語從句，分別相等于in which，during which和on which occasions.

三、一……就;剛……就(Definition:just after or as soon as soon something happens)。

(1)He had just drifted off to sleep when the phone rang.

他剛睡著電話鈴就響了。

(2)Rachel washed up and made coffee when the meal was finished.

剛吃完飯雷切爾就洗了餐具并泡了咖啡。

【高考試題】

例8:(NMET 2009 福建33)

She had just finished her homework _______her mother asked her to practice playing the piano yesterday.

A.when B.while C.after D.since

分析:答案為A。句子可譯為“昨天剛做完作業，她媽媽就讓她練習彈鋼琴”。

四、(用于引出使某人的行為看似出人意料的情景)既然;雖然(Definition:considering that;although)。

(1)Why does she always drive to work when she could easily take the train?

她去上班明明坐火車很方便可為什么總要自己開車呢?

(2)He went on protesting his innocence when he was obviously guilty.

很明顯他有罪，但他繼續申明自己無罪。

(3)He silenced his friends when they attempted to talk to him about it.

盡管朋友們試圖跟他談這件事，但他卻不讓他們說。

(4)Why bother to paint it when you can photograph it with the same effect?

既然照片可以具有同樣的效果，你又何必費精力去畫呢?

【高考試題】

例9:(NMET 2006 山東31)

How can you expect to learn anything _______you never listen?

A.in case B.even if C.unless D.when

分析:答案為D。意為:既然你從不聽講，你又怎么能指望學到東西呢?

五、在……之后(Definition:after)。

(1)Call me when you’ve finished.

你完成后就給我打電話。

(2)When the guests left the house，Anna went to see her son and put him to bed herself.

客人們離開之后，安娜去看她的兒子，并親自安頓他睡覺。

【高考試題】

例10:(NMET 2008 四川6)

There were some chairs left over _______everyone had sat down.

A.when B.until C.that D.where

分析:答案為A。句子意為:大家都就坐了以后還剩下一些椅子。

六、與副詞hardly或scarcely搭配使用，構成句型“hardly(或scarcely)...when”。此結構等同于“No sooner...than...”，表示從句動作緊跟主語動作之后發生。

(1)He had hardly finished when someone rose to refuse his points.

他話音剛落就有人起身反駁他的看法。

(2)Hardly had we started when the car got a flat tyre.

我們才剛剛開動，汽車的輪胎就癟了。

【高考試題】

例11:(NMET 2006 天津 3)

——Did Linda see the traffic accident?

——No，no sooner _______than it happened.

A.had she goneB.she had gone

C.has she goneD.she has gone

分析:答案為A。在hardly(scarcely)...when;no sooner...than結構中，當hardly，scarcely，no sooner位于句首時，需要部分倒裝，且hardly，scarcely，no sooner后的句子的時態用過去完成時。上文中的句子可以改為“hardly(scarcely)had she gone when it happened”。

七、與by或since構成by/since when結構，意為“在……之前/自從”(Definition:before or since which time)。

(1)The baby is due in May，by when the new house should be finished.

寶寶的預產期在五月，那時新房子應該造好了。

(2)Since when have you been in charge of the project?

你是從什么時候起負責這個項目的?

例12:(NMET 2007 山東 35)

The book was written in 1946，_______the education has witnessed great changes.

A.when B.during which C.since then D.since when

分析:答案為D。此句可譯為:這本書寫于1946年，從那以后教育就發生了巨大的變化。

由以上例句與近幾年高考真題可見，連詞when的用法是靈活多樣的。它可以用作副詞、代詞、連詞，能夠引導名詞性從句、定語從句和狀語從句，能夠體現主句和從句之間的多種邏輯關系，如時間、條件、讓步、轉折、因果關系等。因此，全面掌握when的多個詞性、多重用法及其含義對于準確理解和解答與之相關的句式和試題具有重要的意義。

八、走進高考。

1.(NMET 2003，28)

Don’t be afraid of asking for help _______it is needed.

A.unless B.since C.although D.when

2.(NMET 2003 湖北 23)

There was _______time _______I hated to go to school.

A.a;that B.a;when C.the;that D.the;when

3.(NMET 2004，春季北京 26)

We were swimming in the lake _______suddenly the storm started.

A.when B.while C.until D.before

4.(NMET 2004 上海 38)

Jasmine was holidaying with her family in a wildlife park_______she was bitten on the leg by a lion.

A.when B.while C.since D.once

5.(NMET 2008，福建 28)

Nancy enjoyed herself so much _______she visited her friends in Sydney last year.

A.that B.which C.when D.where

6.(NMET 2009 重慶 27)

27.Peter was so excited _______he received an invitation from his friend to visit Chongqing.

A.where B.that C.why D.when

7.(NMET 2008， 天津 12)

The last time we had great fun was _______we were visiting the Water Park.

A.where B.how C.when D.why

8.(NMET 2010全國Ⅱ， 7)

Tom was about to close the window _______his attention was caught by a bird.

A.when B.if C.and D.till

參考答案:DBAA CDCA