百年之思

在一個(gè)山色清麗的午后，我懷著追懷先賢、崇敬英烈的心念，來到位于杭州西湖雞籠山下的浙江辛亥革命紀(jì)念館，瞻仰追思長(zhǎng)眠在此的浙江辛亥英魂。

走進(jìn)紀(jì)念館大門，迎面而立的是一座辛亥革命紀(jì)念碑，宛如一柄倚天長(zhǎng)劍，直指蒼穹。紀(jì)念碑正面鐫刻著孫中山先生題寫的“國(guó)魂不死”四個(gè)鎏金大字，背面銘文為“浙江辛亥革命簡(jiǎn)史”。碑身與基座連接處鑲嵌著辛亥英烈的浮雕頭像，那剛毅深沉的神情，昭示著共和志士們苦心孤詣浴血犧牲的壯烈情懷。紀(jì)念碑兩側(cè)和后面，是三五成群組合起來的辛亥志士雕像群，有的倚劍而立，有的仰天而視，有的持槍肅立，有的慷慨赴義……蒼松翠柏，修篁新竹，周圍高大的香樟樹，似傘如蓋地常年守護(hù)著英烈安息之地，仿佛都彎腰頷首，在向他們致敬！

說是紀(jì)念館，其實(shí)是館陵合一的。環(huán)繞紀(jì)念碑和雕像群，散布著浙江辛亥革命烈士墓葬群。墓園坐西朝東，正中是光復(fù)會(huì)安慶起義中慷慨就義的徐錫麟、馬宗漢、陳伯平三烈士墓，斑駁簡(jiǎn)樸的墓碑上，無聲地銘刻著他們?yōu)橥品饨ǖ壑?、灑一腔青春熱血的壯志豪情…?/p>

徐錫麟（1873—1907），字伯蓀，浙江紹興人。1904年在上海加入光復(fù)會(huì)，次年在紹興創(chuàng)立體育會(huì)，后又創(chuàng)立大通師范學(xué)堂，按規(guī)定入校學(xué)生均為光復(fù)會(huì)會(huì)員，參加兵操訓(xùn)練。同年冬赴日本學(xué)軍，因患眼疾未果。1906年歸國(guó)，赴安徽任武備學(xué)校副總辦、警察處會(huì)辦。1907年任巡警學(xué)堂堂長(zhǎng)、陸軍小學(xué)監(jiān)督。是年7月6日，光復(fù)會(huì)策動(dòng)安慶起義，徐錫麟以安慶巡警處會(huì)辦兼巡警學(xué)堂監(jiān)督的身份，暗中聯(lián)絡(luò)會(huì)黨，約定在7月8日乘巡警學(xué)堂舉行畢業(yè)典禮時(shí)刺殺安徽巡撫恩銘等大員，占領(lǐng)安慶，然后與秋瑾的浙東起義軍共同攻打南京。因葉仰高叛變，恩銘提前于6日舉行畢業(yè)典禮，徐錫麟倉促行刺，擊斃恩銘，會(huì)場(chǎng)嘩然，其余文武官員慌忙逃走。徐錫麟與馬宗漢、陳伯平及巡警學(xué)生百余人很快占領(lǐng)了軍械所，后被前來鎮(zhèn)壓的清軍包圍，激戰(zhàn)4小時(shí)起義者失敗。陳伯平戰(zhàn)死，徐錫麟、馬宗漢被捕。審訊中，徐錫麟威武不屈，主審官毓朗責(zé)令他下跪，他譏諷說：“你還在洋洋得意，若慢走一步，即被余斃！”徐錫麟接著問：“恩銘如何？”官員聯(lián)裕等騙說僅受微傷，徐聞言一時(shí)氣泄，低頭不語。主審進(jìn)而問：“爾知罪否？明日當(dāng)剖爾心肝矣！”徐錫麟聞?wù)Z，忽然領(lǐng)悟，大笑說：“然則恩銘死矣！恩銘死，我志償！我志既償，即碎我身為千萬片，亦所不惜。區(qū)區(qū)心肝，何屑顧及！”他手指聯(lián)裕道：“爾幸不死！”聯(lián)裕震驚，幾乎倒地。當(dāng)晚，徐錫麟慷慨就義，臨刑前先拍小影，他神色自若地說：“功名富貴，非所快意，今日得此，死且不悔矣！”終年34歲。這等豪情壯志，百年后讀來，仍讓人為之動(dòng)容不已！

左側(cè)依次是陶成章、沈由智、楊哲商三烈士墓。陶成章(1878－1912)，字煥卿，號(hào)陶耳山人，浙江會(huì)稽(今紹興）陶堰人，光復(fù)會(huì)創(chuàng)立者之一。少年立大志向，以排滿反清為己任，曾兩次赴京刺殺慈禧太后未果，后只身東渡日本學(xué)習(xí)陸軍。翌年回國(guó)后，積極參與革命活動(dòng)，破衣敝屣奔走革命，“四至杭州而不歸”，奔走于浙、閩、皖各地聯(lián)絡(luò)革命志士。民國(guó)創(chuàng)立后，他力辭接任浙督，積極準(zhǔn)備北伐，設(shè)北伐籌餉局、光復(fù)軍司令部，任總司令。1912年1月14日凌晨，陶成章被蔣介石、王竹卿（光復(fù)會(huì)叛徒）暗殺于上海廣慈醫(yī)院，年僅35歲。

右側(cè)是浙軍攻克金陵陣亡將士墓，系民國(guó)元年浙江都督朱瑞題碑，長(zhǎng)方形的青石墓碑和封石，歷經(jīng)百年風(fēng)雨，都略顯斑駁了，但那墨書楷字卻色黑如新，端方正直。墓的背面刻陣亡將士的英名、籍貫和所在軍營(yíng)編號(hào)，讀著那些在歷史教科書中似曾相識(shí)的名字，眼前又浮現(xiàn)那辛亥首義浙軍敢死隊(duì)奮勇激戰(zhàn)的場(chǎng)面……

敢死隊(duì)是當(dāng)時(shí)浙江革命軍的先鋒，共分5隊(duì)，由蔣介石及張伯岐、董夢(mèng)蛟、王金發(fā)等人指揮，在杭州光復(fù)和攻克金陵中，敢死隊(duì)與新軍各標(biāo)英勇頑強(qiáng)，戰(zhàn)功卓著，獲得孫中山的高度贊譽(yù)。武昌首義后，杭州緊隨上海，響應(yīng)起義，于11月5日凌晨打響光復(fù)杭州第一槍。

辛亥元老諸輔成在《浙江辛亥革命紀(jì)實(shí)》一文中用寥寥數(shù)語，就記下了這驚天動(dòng)地的杭州光復(fù)。4天后上海的《民立報(bào)》發(fā)表《浙江敢死隊(duì)之壯觀》，對(duì)驍勇善戰(zhàn)、沖鋒在前的敢死隊(duì)赫赫戰(zhàn)功大加褒揚(yáng)。

時(shí)任駐扎杭州筧橋的新軍標(biāo)統(tǒng)朱瑞（1883—1916）率部攻城，一舉攻占軍械局。光復(fù)后他任浙軍援蘇支隊(duì)司令，率部參加光復(fù)金陵戰(zhàn)役，指揮浙軍奮力奪得城外制高點(diǎn)天堡城，戰(zhàn)功卓著，民國(guó)元年（1912）8月出任浙江都督。10月，朱瑞從南京運(yùn)回在攻克金陵之役中的陣亡將士遺骸45具，合葬于杭州西湖孤山東麓，親題“浙江攻克金陵陣亡諸將士之墓”。1964年，此墓遷至雞籠山，直到1981年才遷葬于南天竺崇恩演福禪寺今址。

1991年辛亥革命80周年之際，有關(guān)部門新建了紀(jì)念碑，1993年底又開工建造浙江辛亥革命紀(jì)念館，占地面積約7.5畝，建筑面積266平方米，1995年初竣工。經(jīng)過2年多的征集資料、布展陳列，于1997年10月10日正式對(duì)外開放。紀(jì)念館通過大量珍貴圖表實(shí)物，分“錢江涌起革命潮”、“光復(fù)會(huì)的成立”、“光復(fù)會(huì)皖浙起義”、“浙江光復(fù)”、“為建設(shè)和保衛(wèi)共和而奮斗”五大部分，真實(shí)而直觀地展示了浙江在中國(guó)民主革命史冊(cè)上這一閃耀著血與火的戰(zhàn)斗篇章。

滾滾錢江東逝水，歲月抹不掉汗青留名的英雄壯舉和他們的革命精神，西子湖頭，兩浙大地，到處都是他們留下的革命足跡。這小小的紀(jì)念館不過是百年前那段可歌可泣光輝歷史的濃縮，是無數(shù)浙江辛亥英烈魂有所歸之處。□

Memorial in Remembrance of the 1911 Revolution

By Sha Zhou

In commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the 1911 Revolution that toppled the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)， put an end to the feudal millennia， and founded the Republic of China， I visited the Zhejiang 1911 Revolution Memorial at the foot of Mount Jilong west of the West Lake， Hangzhou.

The memorial is actually a cemetery of the martyrs of Zhejiang origin who died for the historic revolution. This cemetery points to the big part Zhejiang played in the epoch-making event in 1911. After the first shot in Wuchang on October 10， 1911 against the Qing Dynasty was heard across the nation， Shanghai responded first and Hangzhou， the capital of Zhejiang Province， followed suit. Hangzhou’s uprising against the Qing Dynasty occurred on the early morning of November 5， 1911.

The most famous martyr buried at the cemetery is Xu Xilin (1873-1907). A native of Shaoxing， Zhejiang， Xu joined the Restoration League in Shanghai in 1904. In 1905， he set up a sports association in his hometown Shaoxing， where the members of the Restoration League received military training. In the winter of 1905， he went to Japan to study military affairs， but due to his poor eyesight， he was not recruited. After his return to China in 1906， he served as a high-ranking police officer in Anhui， a province in the west to Zhejiang. Xu and his comrades launched a revolt at a commencement ceremony of a police training college on July 6， 1907. Xu killed Governor of Anhui Province Enming at the ceremony. Xu and about 100 police cadets then stormed the military arsenal. The government sent troopers over. After a fierce battle of four hours， the revolt was put out and Xu was arrested. He was executed that night. Qiu Jin， a woman revolutionary in close association with Xu， was arrested and executed in Shaoxing after the revolt failure in Anqing. She is buried on the West Lake.

Xu Xilin and his two chief assistants Ma Zonghan and Chen Boping are buried together and their mausoleum is in the center of the cemetery.

On the left of the tombs of Xu and his two assistants are three tombs where Tao Chengzhang， Shen Youzhi and Yang Zheshang rest their souls forever. Tao Chengzhang (1878-1912)， a native of Shaoxing， Zhejiang Province， dedicated himself to the anti-Qing cause even when he was very young. He went to Beijing twice in a bid to assassinate Dowager Cixi. His effort went nowhere. Then he went to Japan to study military affairs. After his return from Japan， he took active part in recruiting revolutionaries in Zhejiang， Anhui and Fujian provinces. After the 1911 Revolution， he declined the appointment for Zhejiang governorship and took to preparing a north expedition. He set up a financing committee to raise money for the military campaign and a military command center and appointed himself as the general commander. But he was assassinated in a hospital in Shanghai on the early morning of January 14， 1912. One of the two assassins was Chiang Kai-shek.

On the right is a tomb of soldiers and officers of Zhejiang origin who fell in the battle of capturing Nanjing. The uprising in Zhejiang in the 1911 Revolution was staged by two sections of soldiers: the five commando teams and the government’s new army that turned their guns against their employer. After Zhejiang was successfully liberated from the Qing rulers， Zhu Rui (1883-1916)， the commander of the Zhejiang revolution army， took his soldiers to march northward to help capture Nanjing. Zhu Rui was appointed Zhejiang Governor in August 1912. In October， he relocated 45 tombs of soldiers who died in the siege of Nanjing to the Solitary Hill on the West Lake. He wrote the epitaph on the tombstone. In 1964， the group tomb was relocated to the present site of Mount Jilong.

The present monument to the soldiers was erected in 1991 in commemoration of the 80th anniversary of the 1911 Revolution. At the end of 1993， the site was expanded to house the Zhejiang 1911 Revolution Memorial. The built-up area is 266 square meters in the 5，000-square-meter cemetery. The memorial part was completed in 1995 and officially opened to the general public on October 10， 1997 with a lot of precious photos and objects of the Revolution on display. □