對一些學生來講, 學習八年級《英語》下冊“直接引語變成間接引語”這一內容,如果沒有掌握其變化規則,就很難了解其內涵?,F對直接引語變成間接引語作一個簡要的概括。
Direct speech(直接引語)指直接引述別人的話,常用引號括起來。Indirect speech(間接引語)是用自己的話把別人的話陳述一遍,沒有引號。同時間接引語在大多數情況下是賓語從句。直接引語變間接引語要從以下幾方面入手:
一、人稱的變化
人稱的變化概括為九個字:一隨主、二隨賓、三不變,即若直接引語引號中的人稱為第一人稱,則變成間接引語時人稱與主句主語的人稱一致。若直接引語中引號中的人稱為第二人稱,則變成間接引語時人稱與主句中賓語的人稱一致。若直接引語中的引號中人稱為第三人稱,變間接引語時人稱不變。例如:
(1)He said,“I am a student?”
—He said he was a student.
(2)He said to me,“You are a good student.”
—He told me(that)I was a good student.
(3)He said,“She can help me.”
—He said she could help him.
二、時態的變化
如果主句中的謂語動詞是一般現在時,直接引語變為間接引語時,從句中的時態不需要變化。如果主句中的謂語動詞是一般過去時,從句中的謂語動詞要作相應的變化,一般現在時改為一般過去時,現在進行時改為過去進行時,一般將來時改為過去將來時,現在完成時改為過去完成時等。例如:
(1)He says,“Her father is a teacher.”
—He says (that) her father is a teacher.
(2)Her mother said “I’m watching TV.”
—Her mother said she was watching TV.
三、指示代詞、時間狀語、地點狀語及部分動詞的變化
(1)指示代詞:this —that ,these—those
(2)時間狀語:now —then,to day—that day,tonight--that night, tomorrow—the next day, next week—the next week, yesterday—the day before,ago—before, the day before yesterday—two days before等
(3)地點狀語:here——there
(4)有些動詞:come——go
My mother said ,“I will come back tomorrow .”
—My mother said she would go back the next day.
四、句子結構的變化
(1)如果直接引語部分為陳述句,變為間接引語時通常用that來引導,that可省略。
He said,“I want to be a doctor.”
—He said(that)he wanted to be a doctor.
(2)如果直接引語部分是感嘆句,變為間接引語時通常用that來引導,that可省略。
He says “How great china is!”
—He says China is great.
(3)如果直接引語部分是疑問句,變為間接引語時,一般疑問句用If或whether來引導,特殊疑問句用原來的疑問詞來引導,不管是特殊還是一般疑問句,間接引語用的都是陳述語序。
(1)He said,“Are you a student?”
—He said If (whether) I was a student.
(2)He said,“what are you doing?”
—He said what I was doing.
(4)如果直接引語部分為祈使句,變為間接引語時,把動詞原形變為動詞不定式,并在動詞不定式前加tell、ask、order、advise等動詞。例如:
He says,“Don’t play here!”
—He told me not to play there.
五、間接引語中的謂語動詞有時需要調整
(1)陳述句和感嘆句中的say to sb 常改為tell, ask 等帶雙賓語的動詞。
(2)疑問句中的say/ say to sb 常改為ask, want to know 等表示疑問的詞語。
六、同時直接引語變成間接引語,還須注意以下幾個要點:
(1)間接引語在大多數情況下是賓語從句。
(2)直接引語轉換成間接引語時的變化應視實際情況而定。假如是當天轉達,today ,yesterday,tomorrow等就不需改變,如果在當地轉達,here 也不必改為there ,come也不必改為go 。另外,在過去時的引述動詞之后,當是轉述客觀真理或是為了表示引述的狀態和情況到現在,仍然是事實時也經常用一般現在時。例如:
(1)He said,“The earth is bigger than the moon .”
—He said that the earth is bigger than the moon.
(2)Her mother said to me,“She is a good girl.”
—Her mother told me that she is a good girl.
(作者單位:江西省永新縣永安中學)
責任編輯:許雅健