含蓄虛擬式的多種表達方法

摘要：探討了學生在學習含蓄虛擬式語法中所遇到的一些問題。從含蓄虛擬式的幾種表達法入手，希望有效地提高學生的英語學習能力。

關鍵詞：虛擬式；含蓄虛擬式；條件句

一個虛擬式（subjunctive mood）是學生學習英語語法中的一大難點，同時又是重點。其用法繁雜，而含蓄條件句是指在一個句子中沒有明顯的條件從句，只是通過詞、短語、其他類型的句子或上下文暗示條件的存在。這種含蓄虛擬條件結構形式比較模糊，往往要經過反復揣摩才能體會出其深層結構的含義，然后才能準確判

斷。在論文、小說、文獻和科技資料中出現似乎比帶有條件的主從復合句還要多。含蓄條件有的是真實條件，有的則是虛擬條件。本文擬著重探討含蓄條件句幾種常見的表達形式。

一、詞語、短語結構表示含蓄虛擬條件

1.介詞短語

（1）Without electricity，there would be no modern industry.

（2）But for the rain we should have a pleasant journey.

（3）Under more favourable conditions the production would have gone up still more rapidly.

（4）Another person in your position would have done much

worse.

2.名詞短語

（1）Such problems would have been settled.

（2）A diligent student would have worked harder.

（3）A coward wouldn’t have dared to work in the enemy headqu-

arters.

（4）A true friend would have come to help.

3.名詞+and結構

（1）Another step forward and he would have fallen off the cliff.

（2）A few minutes more and you could hear screams coming from the dinning-room.

（3）Another word and I would knock your flat.

4.副詞、連詞

如but，unforunately，otherwise，or，but that，unless，so long as，on condition（that）...suppose/supposing（that），provided/providing （that），

granting.

（1）I was busy last week，otherwise I would have come to see you.

（2）My friends would have helped me.Unfortunately，they didn’t turn up at that time.

（3）I would have given you more money，but I was so poor then.

（4）Supposing it were fine tomorrow，would you go swimming？

（5）Granting what you said is true，I should be a great liar.

5.形容詞及其比較級

（1）A timid man would not have dared to go.

（2）A more careful person wouldn’t have made so many mistakes.

6.獨立主格結構

（1）Time permitting，I would go out for a while.

（2）All things considered，the price would be resonable.

（3）Without our party leading us，we would not have been living such a happy life.

7.分詞短語

（1）A man spending 12 days on the moon would find，on returning to the earth，that a year had passed by already.

（2）Born two days earlier，the boy would have seen his father.

8.不定式短語

（1）It would be foolish of you to do such a thing.

（2）To hear his talk，you would think he was Prime Minister.

9.動名詞短語

Persuading him in this way would waste much time.

二、句子表示含蓄虛擬條件

1.as if和as though引導的從句，可用虛擬語氣，也可用陳述語氣，依具體情境而定

（1）She loves the children in the kindergarten as if they were her own.

（2）Alan talked about Rome as if he has been there.

（3）It looks as if it is going to rain.

2.if only 引起的感嘆句，其意義相當于“How I wish+賓語

從句”

（1）If only he could come！

（2）If only you hadn’t offended him！

3.在wish后的賓語從句中

（1）I wish that he weren’t so lasy.

（2）I wish that he had not made so much fuss about it.

4.主句的謂語形式是had hoped，had expected，had intended，

had meant，had planned等，從句謂語形式為would，可以表示事實上并未實現的行為

I had hoped that Jenny would become a doctor，but she wasn’t good enough at science.

5.用于would rather，had rather，would as soon，would sooner和

would prefer所跟的從句中，表示希望或婉轉的責備

（1）I’d rather you posted the letter right away.

（2）I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.

（3）I would prefer he didn’t stay there too long.

6.It is （about，high）time+從句，表示早該做而未做的事，含建

議的意味，其動詞形式是用過去式

（1）It is high time （that） we began to work.

（2）It is （about） time that children went to school.

7.用在in case，lest，for fear that引起的狀語從句中，表示“以防，以免”，其形式為“should+動詞原形”

（1）He took his raincoat with him in case it should rain.

（2）She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold.

8.在情態動詞后面的動詞完成時形式表示虛擬

（1）You might have told him you did not agree with him.

（2）You could have avoided making such a mistake but you didn’t take her advice.

（3）I should have studied harder before.

（4）He needn’t have gone there，but he went.

9.某些表示祝愿的句子

（1）Long live our motherland.

（2）Good bless you.

（3）Heaven forbid.

（4）May you succeed.

將條件含蓄地表達在句子成分和上下文中，還會有其他情況，上述只是常見的現象而已。但我們可以看到含蓄條件句的表達方式比較生動、靈活，不像條件句那樣非得以固定結構出現，遇到這種情況時，我們應擺脫原文的次序和語法結構的束縛，透過表層結構，去探索深層結構里的隱含語義。

（作者單位 山西大同大學外語學院）