黃志宏, 駱文志, 蔡興東
(暨南大學附屬第一醫院呼吸內科,廣東 廣州 510632)
KLF16在肺腺癌中表達的臨床意義及機制*
黃志宏, 駱文志, 蔡興東△
(暨南大學附屬第一醫院呼吸內科,廣東 廣州 510632)
目的探討Krüppel樣轉錄因子16(Krüppel-like transcription factor 16,KLF16)蛋白表達在肺腺癌患者中的臨床意義及機制,為探索肺腺癌患者預后生物標志物提供理論依據。方法收集我院50例肺腺癌患者的腫瘤組織標本,對其進行4~6年臨床隨訪,免疫組織化學染色分析患者病理標本中KLF16蛋白的表達,探索KLF16蛋白表達與肺腺癌患者預后的關系及其意義。通過上調肺腺癌細胞中KLF16蛋白的表達,流式細胞術檢測KLF16蛋白對肺腺癌細胞周期和凋亡的影響,證實KLF16蛋白在肺腺癌中表達的作用。結果50例肺腺癌患者中,KLF16蛋白低表達或不表達者29例,占58%(29/50),在肺腺癌細胞中,KLF16表達明顯低于其在正常支氣管上皮細胞中的表達。KLF16蛋白低表達的肺腺癌患者,其5年生存率明顯低于高表達KLF16的患者(P<0.01),而且KLF16蛋白低表達是肺腺癌患者預后不良的重要預測指標。上調肺腺癌細胞中KLF16蛋白的表達可誘導肺腺癌細胞周期S期阻滯。結論KLF16在肺腺癌中是一個重要的抑癌蛋白,可作為肺腺癌患者重要的預測預后的分子標志物。
肺腫瘤; Krüppel樣轉錄因子16; 腫瘤標志物
肺癌是當前全世界范圍內導致癌性死亡的首要原因,而且其發病率仍處于上升趨勢[1-2]。在常見的非小細胞肺癌的病理類型中,肺腺癌的發病率明顯增加。目前肺癌的5年生存率在5%~14%之間,發展中國家5年生存率明顯低于發達國家[3]。大多數肺癌患者在確診時已處于中晚期,失去了手術根治的機會,并最終導致死亡。其主要原因是肺癌細胞的惡性增殖、侵襲和早期轉移。肺癌的發病機制復雜,涉及遺傳和環境因素等的復雜作用,具體機制仍不明確。
轉錄因子是一類具有重要轉錄調控功能的DNA結合蛋白,通過激活或抑制靶基因的轉錄來調控基因的時相性及特異性表達,因而在細胞生長、分化、凋亡等生理過程的調節中扮演重要的角色。Krüppel樣轉錄因子(Krüppel-like transcription factors, KLFs) 是Sp1/Krüppel 樣轉錄因子(Sp1-like and Krüppel-like transcription factors, Sp1/KLFs) 家族中的一個亞家族,通過與富含GC序列(包括GC盒和GT盒即CACCC盒)的多個基因的啟動子區結合而發揮調節作用。目前在人類中發現17種KLFs,每一種KLF的N端含有獨特的抑制或啟動區,因而生理功能各異,并且各個KLF在組織中分布和mRNA翻譯后調控也不相同[4]。KLFs可調控血細胞生成[5]、血管形成[6]、淋巴細胞生長[7]、腫瘤形成[8-9]和誘導性多能干細胞形成等[10],因而在機體的各種病理和生理過程中發揮重要作用。
2002年Kaczynski等[11]鑒定了一個新的基礎轉錄元件結合蛋白B4(basic transcription element-bin-ding protein 4,BTEB4),BTEB4是一種新的廣泛表達的Sp1樣蛋白家族成員,后被命名為KLF16。研究顯示,KLF16能夠抑制胰腺癌細胞增殖,并通過Kirsten鼠肉瘤病毒癌基因同系物基因(v-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog,KRAS)抑制胰腺癌細胞轉化[12]。KLF16增加腫瘤細胞的凋亡率,并能通過調控細胞周期蛋白A 進而促使細胞周期停滯于S期,進而導致胰腺癌細胞增殖抑制。然而在人肺腺癌中,KLF16表達狀況及其臨床意義如何,尚無文獻報道。因此,本文旨在分析KLF16在人肺腺癌中表達狀況、與患者臨床特征包括預后的關系,為探索KLF16能否作為肺腺癌預后判斷的分子標志物提供科學依據。
1患者資料、病理標本收集和隨訪
收集暨南大學附屬第一醫院自2007年1月~2009年12月經病理確診為肺腺癌患者50例,對其進行4~6年的隨訪。免疫組化分析患者確診時石蠟包埋的病理切片,統計患者肺腺癌中KLF16蛋白表達與臨床病理特征的關系。肺癌患者的病理分期及TNM分期參考第7版國際肺癌研究協會(International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer,IASLC)的分期標準[13]。肺腺癌患者的臨床病理特征總結如表1。
表150例肺腺癌患者臨床病理特征
Table 1. Clinicopathologic characteristics of 50 cases of patients with lung adenocarcinoma

Characteristicsn(%)Age(year) ≤6529(58.0) >6521(42.0)Gender Male30(60.0) Female20(40.0)Differentiation Poor20(40.0) Moderate22(44.0) Well8(16.0)Pathologicalstage ⅠA8(16.0) ⅠB14(28.0) IIA2(4.0) IIB4(8.0) IIIA6(12.0) IIIB8(16.0) Ⅳ8(16.0)Tclassification T112(24.0) T221(42.0) T37(14.0) T410(20.0)Nclassification N026(52.0) N110(20.0) N210(20.0) N34(8.0)Mclassification M040(80.0) M110(20.0)Smoking Yes28(56.0) No22(44.0)KLF16expression Negative5(10.0) Positive45(90.0) Lowexpression24(53.3) Highexpression21(46.7)Vitalstatus(asfollowup) Death29(58.0) Alive21(42.0)
2免疫組織化學染色和分析
采用鏈霉菌抗生物素蛋白-過氧化物酶連接(streptavidin-peroxidase conjugate,SP) 法進行免疫組織化學染色,分析肺腺癌患者石蠟包埋組織中KLF16蛋白的表達。兔抗人KLF16多克隆抗體購自Sigma,配制1∶200抗體工作濃度,具體步驟按SP及DAB顯色試劑盒(中杉金橋)說明書進行。病理切片經染色后由2位病理科醫師分析,KLF16在肺腺癌切片中的表達強度參考文獻[14-15]評分如下:染色強度評分:0分(無染色),1分(輕度染色:淺黃色),2分(中度染色:黃棕色),3分(重度染色:棕色);染色陽性細胞數評分:0分(無染色陽性細胞),1分(<10%陽性細胞),2分(10~50%陽性細胞),3分(>50%陽性細胞)。KLF16蛋白表達強度以染色指數=染色陽性細胞數×染色強度來評價,共記為0、1、2、3、4、6和9分。表達高低的最佳截斷值基于log-rank檢驗分析肺腺癌患者病理組織中KLF16蛋白表達與患者預后關系來界定。其中染色指數≤4為低表達,>4為高表達。
3細胞培養、質粒轉染及Westernblotting檢測
人肺腺癌細胞A549、SPC-A1及正常對照細胞株16HBE均購自中國科學院上海細胞庫。細胞株培養用含有10%胎牛血清(Gibco-BRL)、1×105U/L青霉素及100 mg/L鏈霉素的Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium(DMEM,Gibco-BRL)完全培養基,并置于37 ℃、5% CO2的培養箱中培養。包含重組人全長KLF16(NM_031918)cDNA的質粒pcDNA3.1(+)-KLF16及對照空質粒pcDNA3.1(+)均購自GeneCopoeia。A549及SPC-A1細胞分別通過Formentas 轉染試劑進行轉染,轉染72 h后提取細胞總蛋白,Western blotting 檢測轉染后KLF16蛋白表達變化以證明是否上調了KLF16蛋白表達。肺腺癌細胞A549、SPC-A1及其分別轉染空質粒pcDNA3.1(+)、過表達質粒pcDNA3.1(+)-KLF16后的總蛋白提取按KeyGene蛋白提取試劑盒提供說明書進行操作。SDS-PAGE(12%)分離蛋白后轉印于PVDF膜上(Milipore)。以5%的脫脂牛奶封閉后,按目的(KLF16)和內參照(GAPDH)蛋白的分子量剪開PVDF膜,在4 ℃冰箱中分別孵育兔抗-KLF6抗體(1∶200, Sigma)和兔抗-GAPDH抗體(1∶2 500,北京博奧森)過夜,然后以含0.1% 吐溫20的PBS(PBST)洗膜3~5次,每次5 min。繼之用HRP交聯的鼠抗兔II抗(1∶3 000,北京博奧森)室溫孵育1 h,PBST洗膜3~5次后以ECL發光液(康為世紀)進行顯色,待顯色后壓上膠片進行曝光顯影,3~5 min后清洗膠片,晾干后成像保存并分析。
4流式細胞術檢測
肺腺癌細胞株A549和SPC-A1分別轉染pcDNA3.1(+)-KLF16和對照質粒pcDNA3.1(+)空質粒72 h,胰酶消化并收集所有細胞,1 000 r/min離心2 min,PBS重懸后離心棄上清,70%乙醇固定,4 ℃過夜。次日取上述細胞,1 000 r/min離心3 min,吸棄上清,加入PBS重懸,離心后棄PBS,每EP管留細胞約2×105個。加入100 mL RNase A,37 ℃水浴30 min。再加入400 μL PI 染色液混勻,4 ℃避光保存30 min。用流式細胞儀(FACSCalibur,BD)檢測,記錄激發波長為488 nm處得紅色熒光,分析不同組間細胞周期分布的差異。
5統計學處理
以SPSS 16.0軟件分析, Kaplan-Meier和 log-rank 檢驗分析KLF16蛋白不同表達組肺腺癌患者總體生存率的差異,Cox回歸模型單因素和多因素分析肺腺癌患者不良預后的危險因素。計量資料以均數±標準差(mean±SD)表示。以P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。
1KLF16在肺腺癌患者腫瘤組織及人肺腺癌細胞中的表達
免疫組化顯示,在50例肺腺癌患者病理組織切片中,高表達KLF13蛋白的有21例,占42.0%(21/50),而KLF13蛋白低表達或不表達者29例,占58%(29/50)。KLF16主要定位表達于肺腺癌細胞胞漿中,見圖1A;Western blotting分析顯示,KLF16蛋白(23 kD)在正常對照細胞16HBE中表達較高,而在肺腺癌細胞A549和SPC-A1中表達下調,見圖1B。

Figure 1. Expression of KLF16 protein in human lung adenocarcinoma tissues (A, immunohistochemical staining, ×400) and lung adenocarcinoma cells (B, Western blotting). a: negative staining; b: moderate staining; c: strong staining. KLF16 protein was mainly located in the cytoplasm of tumor cells, and its expression in human lung adenocarcinoma cell lines A549 and SPC-A1 was lower than that in human bronchial epithelial cell line 16HBE.
圖1KLF16在不同肺腺癌患者腫瘤組織和人肺腺癌細胞中的表達
2肺腺癌組織中KLF16低表達與肺腺癌患者不良預后相關
根據免疫組化分析KLF13蛋白表達與肺腺癌患者5年總體生存時間的關系,log-rank檢驗結果顯示,KLF16蛋白高表達組與低表達組比較,肺腺癌患者5年生存率存在明顯差異(P<0.01)。Kaplan-Meier 分析結果表明,KLF16高表達患者5年累計生存率為81%(95%CI: 0.695~0.923),低表達KLF16患者 5年累計生存率為39.6(95%CI:0.371~0.651),見圖2。

Figure 2. The correlation between KLF16 protein expression in tumor tissues and the overall survival time of 50 cases of the patients with lung adenocarcinoma.The patients with none or low KLF16 expression in their tumor tissues had a poor prognosis.
圖250例肺腺癌患者腫瘤組織中KLF16蛋白表達與患者總體生存時間的關系
3KLF16蛋白低表達是肺腺癌患者預后不良的重要預測因素
用單因素和多因素Cox回歸分析來研究患者腫瘤組織中KLF16蛋白表達水平和其它臨床指標,包括病理分期、腫瘤分化程度、腫瘤原發灶(tumor,T)、區域淋巴結(node,N)、遠處轉移(metastases,M)、腫瘤TNM分期等對患者預后的影響,進而分析KLF16蛋白表達在肺腺癌患者預后中的權重。如表2所示,單因素Cox回歸分析結果顯示,影響患者預后的有意義變量分別是KLF16蛋白表達水平、腫瘤分化程度、臨床病理分期和腫瘤TNM分期(P<0.05)。多因素Cox回歸分析結果顯示,KLF16蛋白表達水平和M分期是影響患者生存時間的獨立預測因素。KLF16低表達患者的死亡風險比KLF16高表達患者增加了8.354倍(95% CI: 2.457~15.714)。而發生遠處轉移的肺腺癌患者,其死亡風險相對于未發生轉移的肺腺癌患者增加了4.359倍(95% CI: 1.017~7.324)。上述結果表明,KLF16蛋白表達水平可能是影響肺腺癌患者預后的重要預測指標。
4上調肺腺癌細胞中KLF16蛋白表達可誘導細胞周期S期阻滯
為了證實KLF16在肺腺癌中的作用,我們通過質粒轉染技術使肺腺癌細胞中過表達KLF16蛋白,進而用流式細胞術分析KLF16對肺腺癌細胞周期和凋亡的影響,結果表明,KLF16誘導細胞周期S期阻滯,見圖3,而對細胞凋亡無明顯影響(資料未顯示)。這就證明,KLF16蛋白通過影響肺腺癌細胞周期,進而抑制細胞增殖,使得高表達KLF16的肺腺癌患者預后優于其低表達的患者。
KLFs家族成員參與腫瘤細胞的增殖、侵襲和轉移的過程,是一種重要的腫瘤細胞調控因子[16-17]。KLFs蛋白與靶基因啟動子區和/或相關調控蛋白相互結合,作為轉錄抑制或啟動因子,或作為調控蛋白共激活和/或共抑制因子發揮作用[18-20]。此外,KLFs家族蛋白在不同的細胞類型、不同組織中表達不同,且功能各異[5,9]。因此,研究不同類型腫瘤組織中KLFs蛋白的具體功能,對于腫瘤個體化治療及預后分析具有重要提示作用。
我們的研究結果顯示,KLF16在肺腺癌中以低表達為多。低表達KLF16的患者,其5年累計生存率為39.6%,而高表達KLF16蛋白的肺腺癌患者,其5年累計生存率達81%,具有明顯統計學意義。這就表明,在肺腺癌中,KLF16作為抑癌基因發揮作用。為了探討KLF16蛋白表達在肺腺癌患者預后中的預測作用,Cox單因素與多因素回歸分析KLF16蛋白表達、腫瘤分化程度、腫瘤TNM分期等對患者預后的預測作用,結果發現,KLF16蛋白表達高低和腫瘤患者是否發生遠處轉移是影響肺腺癌患者預后的重要因素。這提示在肺腺癌患者中,KLF16作為抑癌基因,其表達高低對患者預后具有特殊預測作用,具有重要臨床參考價值。
Martin等[12]研究顯示,在胰腺癌細胞中,KLF16抑制KRAS介導的腫瘤細胞生長與轉化,誘導胰腺癌細胞凋亡及細胞周期S期阻滯。進一步研究發現,KLF16至少部分是通過結合在細胞周期蛋白A啟動子區,抑制了細胞周期蛋白A的表達,進而誘導細胞周期S期阻滯。由于KLFs蛋白家族具有組織表達的特異性,我們在肺腺癌細胞中上調KLF16蛋白的表達并進行流式細胞術分析細胞周期的變化,結果顯示,相對于轉染空載體組,上調肺腺癌中KLF16蛋白表達后,其細胞周期S期明顯增加,結果與Martin等研究一致。這就進一步證實了KLF16在肺腺癌患者預后預測中的臨床價值。
表2Cox回歸模型單因素和多因素分析肺腺癌患者不良預后的危險因素
Table 1. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses of the risk factors of the poor prognosis in the patients with lung adenocarcinoma

UnivariateanalysisMultivariateanalysis VariablenSEP VariableHR(95%CI)PKLF16expressionKLF16expression Noneorlow290.560<0.01 Noneorlow8.354(2.457~15.714)<0.01 High21 High1.000Differentiation None/poor200.352<0.05NA Moderate/well30Pathologicalstage I~II280.401<0.05NA III~IV22Tstage T1~2330.328<0.05NA T3~417Nstage N0260.395<0.05NA N1~324MstageMstage M0400.421<0.01 M01.000<0.05 M110 M14.359(1.017~7.324)
NA: the data were not available.

Figure 3. Overexpression of KLF16 protein induced S-phase arrest in human lung adenocarcinoma cell lines A549 and SPC-A1. A: Western blotting analysis showed that the expression of KLF16 protein in A549 and SPC-A1 cells transfected with pcDNA3.1(+)-KLF16 plasmid was significantly higher than that in the cells transfected with empty vector, indicating that KLF16 protein was up-regulated in lung adenocarcinoma cells; B and C: flow cytometry plot of cell cycle analysis of A549 and SPC-A1 cells transfected with pcDNA3.1(+)-KLF16 plasmid or empty vector; D: cell cycle distribution of A549 and SPC-A1 cells after KLF16 protein was up-regulated. Mean±SD.n=3.*P<0.05vspcDNA3.1(+).
圖3KLF16過表達誘導人肺腺癌細胞S期阻滯
總之,我們的研究結果提示,在肺腺癌患者中,KLF16蛋白以低表達為主,低表達KLF16蛋白的肺腺癌患者預后不良,5年死亡率明顯增加。而且, KLF16蛋白低表達是肺腺癌患者預后不良的重要危險因素。因此,我們建議在對肺腺癌患者的腫瘤標本進行確診分析時,可以引入KLF16蛋白的檢測,從而能對肺腺癌患者的預后判斷有重要的提示作用。
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ClinicalsignificanceofKLF16expressioninpatientswithlungadenocarcinoma
HUANG Zhi-hong, LUO Wen-zhi, CAI Xing-dong
(DepartmentofRespiratoryMedicine,theFirstAffiliatedHospitalofJinanUniversity,Guangzhou510632,China.E-mail:cxd19790920@sina.com)
AIM: To investigate the clinical significance of Krüppel-like transcription factor 16 (KLF16) protein expression in the patients with lung adenocarcinoma for exploring the prognostic biomarkers for lung cancer.METHODSThe tumor tissue samples from 50 cases of lung adenocarcinoma were collected from our hospital, and 4~6 years of follow-up of the patients was obtained. The protein expression of KLF16 in the specimens was assayed by immunohistochemical staining. The correlation between KLF16 protein expression and prognosis of the patients with lung adenocarcinoma was also analyzed. The KLF16 protein was up-regulated in lung adenocarcinoma cells A549 and SPC-A1 by transfection with pcDNA3.1(+)-KLF16 plasmid, and the cell cycle and apoptosis of the A549 cells and SPC-A1 cells were determined by flow cytometry after transfection.RESULTSTwenty-nine cases of the lung adenocarcinoma patients showed low or no KLF16 protein expression in the total 50 cases (58%, 29/50). Furthermore, the KLF16 expression in the lung adenocarcinoma cells was significantly lower than that in normal bronchial epithelial cells. The 5-year survival rate of the lung adenocarcinoma patients with low expression of KLF16 protein was significantly lower than that of the patients with high expression of KLF16 protein (P<0.01), and low expression of KLF16 protein was an important predictor of poor prognosis for the patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Up-regulation of KLF16 protein expression in lung adenocarcinoma cells induced the cell cycle arrest in S phase.CONCLUSIONKLF16 is an important tumor suppressor in lung adenocarcinoma, and it can be used as an important molecular marker for predicting the prognosis of the patients with lung adenocarcinoma.
Lung neoplasms; Krüppel-like transcription factor 16; Tumor markers
R363
A
10.3969/j.issn.1000- 4718.2013.11.011
1000- 4718(2013)11- 1978- 06
2013- 08- 21
2013- 10- 10
暨南大學培育基金資助項目(No. 21613312)
△通訊作者 Tel: 020-38688629; E-mail: cxd19790920@sina.com