鄧佳慧李素霞 董問天陸林
難治性抑郁癥發(fā)病機(jī)制的研究進(jìn)展
鄧佳慧*李素霞△董問天*陸林*△
難治性抑郁癥單胺類神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌遺傳學(xué)影像學(xué)
抑郁癥(depression)是一種常見的心境障礙。截止2010年底,全球抑郁癥患者已達(dá)2.98億人,占全球總?cè)藬?shù)的4.3%。其中美國(guó)抑郁癥的患病率高達(dá)17%,我國(guó)的患病率為6%左右[1]。全球疾病負(fù)擔(dān)研究結(jié)果顯示,2010年精神疾病導(dǎo)致全球23.2萬人死亡,是導(dǎo)致死亡和疾病的第5大原因,是導(dǎo)致非致命性疾病的首要原因;其中,抑郁癥導(dǎo)致的傷殘調(diào)整生命年占精神疾病的40.5%,居首位[2]。在抑郁癥患者中,有20%~30%使用抗抑郁藥無效或效果不佳,稱為難治性抑郁癥(treatment-resistant depression,TRD)[3]。TRD的發(fā)病機(jī)制尚不明確,闡明TRD的發(fā)病機(jī)制有助于探索新的治療措施。本文將對(duì)TRD發(fā)病機(jī)制的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。
導(dǎo)致TRD的生物學(xué)因素主要有神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)紊亂、下丘腦—垂體—腎上腺皮質(zhì)(hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocorti?cal,HPA)軸功能紊亂、神經(jīng)發(fā)生降低、氧化應(yīng)激、神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子失衡和炎癥因子水平失調(diào)等,這些因素之間可以相互促進(jìn)和加強(qiáng),從而誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡、神經(jīng)元生長(zhǎng)和存活受抑制,機(jī)體可能對(duì)負(fù)性生活事件更敏感或發(fā)生治療抵抗。
1.1 單胺類神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)假說應(yīng)激或大腦功能紊亂導(dǎo)致單胺類神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)5-羥色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT)、去甲腎上腺素(norepinephrine,NE)或多巴胺(dopamine,DA)水平和活性下降,從而導(dǎo)致抑郁癥。與非難治性抑郁癥患者相比,TRD患者血小板5-HT濃度降低,額葉的α2腎上腺素受體密度和DA的代謝物水平下降[4-6]。在TRD的治療中,可選擇DA受體激動(dòng)劑和5-HT1A受體部分激動(dòng)劑等作為增效藥物,以明顯提高常用抗抑郁藥物的療效[7]。最新研究表明,5-HT作用于5-HT1B受體,影響興奮性傳遞出現(xiàn)異常,還發(fā)現(xiàn)增強(qiáng)興奮性突觸傳遞的能力是抗抑郁藥發(fā)揮作用的必要條件[8],該研究提示增強(qiáng)興奮性連接的藥物可能是治療難治性抑郁癥的新型藥物。
1.2 神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌和神經(jīng)免疫機(jī)制TRD患者體內(nèi)糖皮質(zhì)激素(glucocorticoids,GCs)水平明顯高于TRD患者,TRD患者的HPA軸受損更嚴(yán)重[9]。大腦和免疫系統(tǒng)組成一個(gè)雙向的聯(lián)絡(luò)網(wǎng),免疫系統(tǒng)的改變可以刺激大腦作出相應(yīng)反應(yīng),從而發(fā)生一系列生理、行為、情感和認(rèn)知的改變。臨床研究顯示,抑郁癥患者血液中C反應(yīng)蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)、白介素-1(interleukin-1,IL-1)、白介素-6(interleu?kin-6,IL-6)、干擾素-γ(interferon-γ,IFN-γ)和腫瘤壞死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor,TNF-α)含量升高[10-11],此現(xiàn)象可能與HPA軸過度激活有關(guān)。與選擇性5-HT再攝取抑 制 劑(selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor,SSRI)和5-HT-去甲腎上腺素再攝取抑制劑(serotonin–norepineph?rine reuptake inhibitor,SNRI)治療有效者相比,治療無效者血漿IL-6水平更高[12]。炎癥因子水平增多從而造成上調(diào)5-HT轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體和多巴胺轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體水平、降低神經(jīng)發(fā)生、降低長(zhǎng)時(shí)程增強(qiáng)(long-term potentiation,LTP)、降低5-HT活性、增加興奮性毒性、激活HPA軸、增加糖皮質(zhì)激素釋放、調(diào)節(jié)神經(jīng)元活性、導(dǎo)致認(rèn)知損傷等效應(yīng)[13]。血液CRP濃度可以反映抗抑郁藥的療效,CRP濃度越高則炎癥水平越高,對(duì)藥物的反應(yīng)可能越強(qiáng)[14]。綜上所述,炎癥因子水平異常可能是導(dǎo)致TRD的重要因素。
1.3 氧化應(yīng)激機(jī)制TRD患者體內(nèi)抗氧化劑(維生素C、維生素E、輔酶Q10)水平降低,使機(jī)體抵抗氧化應(yīng)激和亞硝化應(yīng)激的能力減弱,輔酶Q10可能成為治療TRD的新靶點(diǎn)[15-16]。此外,研究顯示睪丸支持細(xì)胞可以促進(jìn)神經(jīng)發(fā)生,調(diào)節(jié)生長(zhǎng)因子分泌,分泌抗炎因子,調(diào)節(jié)NO和活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)的產(chǎn)生,睪丸支持細(xì)胞療法也可能成為治療TRD的一個(gè)新措施[17]。
1.4 神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子機(jī)制抑郁癥患者體內(nèi)腦源性神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子(brain-derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)、血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)、胰島素生長(zhǎng)因子(insulin-like growth factor,IGF)和成纖維細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子(fibroblast growth factor,F(xiàn)GF)水平都明顯降低[18]。TRD患者血漿BDNF水平較低,電休克治療(electroconvulsive therapy,ECT)、重復(fù)經(jīng)顱磁刺激或抗抑郁藥合用鋰鹽等治療后,BDNF的水平明顯增高[19]。研究者對(duì)22例TRD患者給予氯胺酮治療,發(fā)現(xiàn)給藥后6h,血漿中BDNF的水平明顯增加,與蒙哥馬利—艾森貝格抑郁量表(Montgom?ery-?sberg depression rating scale,MADRS)評(píng)分呈負(fù)相關(guān),因此BDNF可能是氯胺酮治療TRD的靶標(biāo)[20]。但是也有研究對(duì)55例TRD患者進(jìn)行ECT,發(fā)現(xiàn)ECT能改善患者的抑郁狀態(tài),漢密爾頓抑郁量表(17-item Hamilton depression rating scale,HAMD-17)評(píng)分明顯降低,但患者血漿中BDNF水平無變化[21]。同樣,使用經(jīng)顱直流電刺激(tran?scranial direct current stimulation,tDCS)治療TRD患者,也并未改變患者血清中BDNF的水平[22]。因此,BDNF水平與抑郁癥發(fā)病有明顯的關(guān)系,但是否是導(dǎo)致難治性抑郁癥的關(guān)鍵分子還有待大樣本量的隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證。
臨床研究發(fā)現(xiàn)遺傳因素與抑郁癥的發(fā)生緊密相關(guān),抑郁癥患者中有精神病家族史的占30%~42%;抑郁癥患者的家屬中抑郁癥患病率約為常人的10~30倍[23]。遺傳學(xué)因素可能也與患者對(duì)藥物治療的反應(yīng)有關(guān)。
研究發(fā)現(xiàn),兒茶酚氧位甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶基因多態(tài)性與抗抑郁藥的治療反應(yīng)和自殺行為有關(guān)[24-25]。中國(guó)漢族人群研究發(fā)現(xiàn),抗抑郁藥治療反應(yīng)也可能與非單胺類物質(zhì)基因的多態(tài)性有關(guān),例如BDNF的Val66Met多態(tài)性與部分抑郁癥患者出現(xiàn)治療抵抗有關(guān),BDNF基因(rs6265)與神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)性酪氨酸激酶2型受體(neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 2,NTRK2)基因(rs1565445、rs2769605和rs1387923)的相互作用在難治性抑郁癥發(fā)病過程中起重要作用[26]。此外,BDNF下游轉(zhuǎn)錄因子cAMP反應(yīng)元件結(jié)合蛋白-1(cAMP-re?sponse element-binding protein 1,CREB1)基因多態(tài)性也與抑郁癥患者治療抵抗有關(guān)[27]。多藥抵抗蛋白1(multidrug re?sistance protein 1,MDR1)基因多態(tài)性參與藥物轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)及透過血腦屏障過程,影響藥物在腦內(nèi)濃度,從而改變機(jī)體對(duì)抗抑郁藥反應(yīng)[28]。N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受體2B亞單位(N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 2B,NR2B)基因 GRIN2B rs1805502位點(diǎn)的多態(tài)性與抗抑郁藥治療效果有明顯相關(guān)性[29]。而且,炎癥相關(guān)因子的基因多態(tài)性也與患者對(duì)抗抑郁藥的敏感度有關(guān)[30],B淋巴細(xì)胞抗凋亡蛋白2的rs2279115C等位基因與男性抑郁癥患者對(duì)抗抑郁藥的反應(yīng)明顯相關(guān)[31]。
TRD致病基因的發(fā)現(xiàn)有助于闡明其發(fā)病的生物學(xué)機(jī)制,解釋抗抑郁藥只對(duì)部分患者有效的原因,可為開發(fā)更有效抗抑郁藥和治療措施提供理論基礎(chǔ)。但基因多態(tài)性與TRD發(fā)病的相關(guān)性較低,可能由于抑郁癥是心理因素、社會(huì)因素和生物學(xué)因素綜合作用的結(jié)果,遺傳模式也不符合孟德爾遺傳定律,單一基因還不能完全解釋其發(fā)病機(jī)制。因此,基因多態(tài)性在TRD發(fā)病中的具體作用有待于進(jìn)一步研究。
TRD的影像學(xué)研究分為結(jié)構(gòu)性腦影像學(xué)研究和功能性腦影像學(xué)研究?jī)刹糠帧RD結(jié)構(gòu)性腦影像學(xué)研究多采用磁共振(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)系統(tǒng)完成。利用功能磁共振(functional magnetic resonance imaging,fMRI)對(duì)難治性和TRD患者的靜息態(tài)功能連接研究發(fā)現(xiàn),兩者的前額葉皮質(zhì)—邊緣區(qū)域—下丘腦連接降低;非難治性抑郁癥患者主要表現(xiàn)在前扣帶回皮質(zhì)、杏仁核、海馬和島葉,TRD患者主要表現(xiàn)在前額葉和丘腦區(qū)域[32-33]。15例TRD患者接受ECT后抑郁癥狀明顯改善,同時(shí)海馬和杏仁核體積增加[34]。
TRD患者存在某些腦區(qū)代謝異常,但是不同區(qū)域的代謝改變并不同,究竟哪些結(jié)構(gòu)的改變是其特異性表現(xiàn)尚需進(jìn)一步探討。TRD波譜研究發(fā)現(xiàn),20例TRD患者雙側(cè)海馬N-乙酰天門冬氨酸與肌酸之比(NAA/Cr)低于正常對(duì)照,提示該腦區(qū)神經(jīng)元丟失;雙側(cè)丘腦膽堿復(fù)合物與肌酸之比(Cho/Cr)高于正常對(duì)照,提示該腦區(qū)細(xì)胞代謝異常[35]。對(duì)14例TRD患者大腦基礎(chǔ)代謝率的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與非難治性抑郁癥患者相比,其右背側(cè)前額葉、右側(cè)前扣帶回皮質(zhì)和島葉的葡萄糖攝入指數(shù)(glucose uptake index,gluMI)降低,而左側(cè)杏仁核和海馬旁回gluMI增加[36]。
腦影像學(xué)的研究證實(shí),TRD患者存在額葉(尤其是前扣帶回和邊緣區(qū)域)結(jié)構(gòu)與功能異常,這些腦區(qū)也是參與調(diào)節(jié)情緒的關(guān)鍵腦區(qū),但是TRD患者同樣存在額葉或海馬等腦區(qū)的異常,這些發(fā)現(xiàn)并不具有特異性。此外,腦影像學(xué)研究的樣本量普遍較小,未來大樣本量和與非難治性抑郁癥患者的對(duì)照研究更有助于明確這些改變是否具有腦區(qū)特異性。
目前,治療上存在抗抑郁藥物起效時(shí)間慢和20%~30%的抑郁癥患者使用抗抑郁藥無效或效果不佳的現(xiàn)狀。所謂難治性抑郁癥,可能并非難治,而是當(dāng)前科技發(fā)展水平對(duì)抑郁癥的發(fā)病機(jī)制尚未徹底研究清楚。在發(fā)病機(jī)制不甚清楚的情況下,可能部分患者對(duì)目前已上市的抗抑郁藥物無效,相信有一天抑郁癥發(fā)病機(jī)制研究清楚后,目前所謂的難治性抑郁癥將不復(fù)存在。
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R749.4
A
2013-09-02)
(責(zé)任編輯:肖雅妮)
10.3936/j.issn.1002-0152.2014.02.015
* 北京大學(xué)精神衛(wèi)生研究所
△ 北京大學(xué)中國(guó)藥物依賴性研究所