芻議英語中的平行結構準則

王碩

摘 要：平行結構準則要求：同等重要的、并列的成分（思想、概念）要用同類的語法結構形式來表現。

關鍵詞：平行結構 并列連詞

中圖分類號：G633.4 文獻標識碼：A 文章編號：1673-9795（2014）02（c）-0178-01

平行結構準則是英語修辭學中的統一性（Umity）中的一項，是英語高考作文中最為常見的表現手段。平行結構準則的準確把握對于閱讀、寫作將產生積極的影響。

平行結構準則要求：同等重要的、并列的成分（思想、概念）要用同類的語法結構形式來表現。最為常見的語法形式莫過于并列連詞和介詞短語instead of了。它們所連接的部分應該是對等的—— 名詞對名詞，動詞對動詞，副詞對副詞，形容詞對形容詞，分詞對分詞，不定式對不定式，句子對句子，切忌把同一結構中的一個概念用一種形式來表現而把另外的概念用其他形式來表達。

筆者把在教學過程中發現的主要并列連詞和instead of的用法推介給英語教學者，以期拋磚引玉。

1 主要并列連詞及其用法

1.1 And類并列連詞

And類并列連詞主要有and，both…and，and…as well，as well as，either…or，nether…nor，not only…but also.例如：

The girls came over talking and laughing.（現在分詞）

Therefore ，Work involves both force and distance.（名詞）（1）

His speech is both instructive and interesting.（形容詞）

We shall travel by night as well as by day.（介詞短語）

In my opinion ，he was to blame as well as she was（主謂）

Neither can theory do without practice，nor can practice do without theory（動詞）

The students in the night school have classesnot only in the evening but also on Sunday（介詞短語）

1.2 OR類并列連詞

OR類開列連詞主要有or，either…or，whether…or，whether…or，這類連詞主要表示選擇。

You can go there by bus or by bike.（介詞短語）

In the evening we often watch TV or listen to news broadcasts.（動詞）

You may come here，or you just sait for me at home.（句子）（2）

Hell ask either Comrade Li or Comrade Liu for help.（名詞）

There are only two choices；either you take it or you dont.（句子）

Whether I test or not doesnt matter. （主謂）

His opinion，whether right or wrong，should be taken into consideration.（形容詞）

1.3 But類并列連詞

But類并列連詞主要有but，however，thoug.等。

He is young but capable.（形容詞）

The material is too easy for reading but can be used as dictation material.（動詞）

He was criticized，but he was never disheartened.（句子）

The room is small，thoug very cosy.（句子）

1.4 其它并列連詞

Rather than，more…than不便歸入And類，OR類和But類，只好另立。它們的意思是“與其說是……還不如說是……”，“不是……而是……”

Tom ought to go rather than Mary.（名詞）

He did the work by himself rather than ask others for help.（后面的動詞不用to，用動詞原形）

The British fleet is the instrument of policy rather than of diplomacy.（介詞短語）

He prefers to work rather than remain idle.（后面的動詞之前不用to，用原形）

He came to see me rather than I went to see him.（句子）

2 instead of

介詞短語instead of也起著并列的作用，意為“不是……而是……”，后面可以跟名詞、代詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、動名詞等，如：

As she was ill，he went to the meeting instead of her.（代詞）

It has become larger instead of smaller.（形容詞）

Price rose quickly instead of slowly.（副詞）

He went to the park on foot instead of by bus.（介詞短語）

He stayed at home instead of going to work.（動詞）

His words decreased instead of increased her courage.（動詞謂語）

3 形容詞比較級，也可起平行的作用，如

Its better to do well than to say well.（不定式）

Better early than late.（副詞）

Youd better go home than stay here.（動詞，用原形）

This is more apparent than real.

It was his tone more than what he actually said that discouraged me.

He cannot bear spders，but puts them out of the doors sooner than kill them.（謂語動詞）

參考文獻

[1] 徐廣聯主編.大學英語語法講座與測試[M].東南大學出版社.

[2] 徐廣聯.英語疑難用法精華[M].第二軍醫大學出版社.